Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: HARRIS, M. AND COLTHEART, M. (1986) Language Processing in Children and Adults: An Introduction. THOMSON, M. (1984) Developmental Dyslexia. PAVLIDIS, G. Th. And FISHER, D.F. (1986) Dyslexia: Its Neuropsychology and Treatment. GRONER, R., McCONKIE, G. and MENZ, C. (eds.). (1985) Eye Movements and Human Information Processing. LUNZER, L., GARDNER, K., DAVIES, F. and GREENE, T. (1984) Learning from the Written Word. DAVIES, F. and GREENE. T. (1984) Reading for Learning in the Sciences. FYFE, R. and MITCHELL, E. (1985) Reading Strategies and their Assessment. DAIUTE, C. (1985) Writing and Computers. MOORE, P. (1986) Using Computers in English: A Practical Guide. DUFFY, THOMAS M. and WALLER, ROBERT (eds) (1985) Designing Usable Texts. HARTLEY, JAMES (1985) Designing Instructional Text-2nd Edition. GILLIAN KLEIN (1985) Reading into Racism. Bias in Children's Literature and Learning. CATHERINE WALLACE (1986) Learning to Read in a Multicultural Society. The Social Context of Second Language Literacy. LEVINE, K. (1986) The Social Context of Literacy     

有向线图中的(k,l)-核

1 Introduction We consider the finite digraphs that do not havemultiple arcs or loops , but pairs of opposite arcs areallowed.LetD=(V,A) be a digraph , whereVisthe set of vertices andAis the set of arcs .If there isan arc (x,y) fromxtoy,thenthe vertexxis …     

Immigrant Chinese Mothers’ Socialization of Achievement in Children: A Strategic Adaptation to the Host Society

Academic socialization by low‐income immigrant mothers from Mainland China was investigated in two studies. Immigrant Chinese mothers of first graders (n = 52; M_age = 38.69) in the United States (Study 1) and kindergartners (n = 86; M_age = 36.81) in Hong Kong (Study 2) tell stories that emphasized achieving the best grade through effort more than did African American (n = 39; M_age = 31.44) and native Hong Kong (n = 76; M_age = 36.64) mothers, respectively. The emphasis on achievement was associated with mothers' heightened discussion on discrimination (Study 1) and beliefs that education promotes upward mobility (Study 2), as well as children's expectations that a story protagonist would receive maternal criticism for being nonpersistent in learning (Study 2).     

Reviews

McKeown , P. (1974). Reading—a Basic Guide for Parents and Teachers. Read , J. and Low , J. (1974). Link Up Reading Scheme. Trailer Books (1—8). Build-up Books. Laminated Pictures and Words. Lotto Cards and Boards. Limpet Cards and Words. Draw and Write Cards (set of 10). Teacher's Manual. Kent , J. (1974). The Fat Cat. Lionni , L. (1974). Fish is Fish. Graham , M. B. (1974). Benjy and the Barking Bird. Pearce , P. (1974). Mrs. Cockle's Cat. Marshall , J. (1974). Yummers! George and Martha. Baumann , H. (1974). What Time is it Around the World? Hutchins , P. (1974). Clocks and More Clocks.     

Activity optimization method in SPECT： A comparison with ROC analysisActivity optimization method in SPECT： A comparison with ROC analysis

A discriminant method for optimizing activity in nuclear medicine studies is validated by comparison with ROC （received operating characteristic）-curves. The method is tested in 21 single photon emission computerized tomography （SPECT）, performed with a cardiac phantom. Three different lesions （Lb L2 and L3） were placed in the myocardium-wall by pairs fbr each SPECT. Three activities （84, 37 or 18.5 MBq） of 99mTc were used as background. Linear discriminant analysis was used to select the parameters that characterize image quality among the measured variables in the images [（Background-to-Lesion （B/Li） and Signal-to-Noise （S/N） ratios）]. Two clusters with different image quality （P=0.021 ） were obtained. The ratios B/Lj, B/L2 and B/L3 are the parameters used to construct the function with 100% of cases correctly classified into the clusters. The value of 37 MBq was the lowest tested activity for which good results for the B/Li ratios were obtained. The result coincides with the applied ROC-analysis （r=0.89）.     

Generalized Derivations in Prime Rings

Let R be a ring, a ,b ∈ R, ( D , α ) and (G , β ) be two generalized derivations of R . It is proved that if aD ( x ) = G ( x )b for all x ∈ R, then one of the following possibilities holds: (i) If either a or b is contained in C , then α = β= 0 and there exist p , q ∈ Qr ( RC) such that D ( x )= px and G ( x )= qx for all x ∈ R;(ii) If both a and b are contained in C , then either a = b= 0 or D and G are C-linearly dependent;(iii) If neither a nor b is contained in C , then there exist p , q ∈ Qr ( RC) and w ∈ Qr ( R) such that α ( x ) = [ q ,x] and β ( x ) = [ x ,p] for all x ∈ R, whence D ( x )= wx-xq and G ( x )= xp + avx with v ∈ C and aw-pb= 0.     

Increases in Cognitive and Linguistic Processing Primarily Account for Increases in Speaking Rate With Age

Age‐related increases of speaking rate are not fully understood, but have been attributed to gains in biologic factors and learned skills that support speech production. This study investigated developmental changes in speaking rate and articulatory kinematics of participants aged 4 (N = 7), 7 (N = 10), 10 (N = 9), 13 (N = 7), 16 (N = 9) years, and young adults (N = 11) in speaking tasks varying in task demands. Speaking rate increased with age, with decreases in pauses and articulator displacements but not increases in articulator movement speed. Movement speed did not appear to constrain the speaking. Rather, age‐related increases in speaking rate are due to gains in cognitive and linguistic processing and speech motor control.     

Association between infection of different strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porphyromonas gingivalis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</Emphasis> in subgingival plaque and clinical parameters in chronic periodontitis

Objective： The aim of this study was to investigate subgingival infection frequencies ofPorphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains with genetic variation in Chinese chronic periodontitis （CP） patients and to evaluate its correlation with clinical parameters. Methods： Two multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR） assays were developed to detect the 16SrDNA, collagenase （prtC） and fimbria （fimA） genes of P. gingivalis and the 16SrDNA, leukotoxin （lktA） and fimbria-associated protein （fap） genes ofA. actinomycetemcomitans in 60 sulcus samples from 30 periodontal healthy subjects and in 122 subgingival plaque samples from 61 patients with CP. The PCR products were further T-A cloned and sent for nucleotide sequence analysis. Results： The 16SrDNA,prtC andfimA genes ofP. gingivalis were detected in 92.6%, 85.2% and 80.3% of the subgingival plaque samples respectively, while the 16SrDNA, lktA andfap genes ofA. actinomycetemcomitans were in 84.4%, 75.4% and 50.0% respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed 98.62%-100% homology of the PCR products in these genes with the reported sequences. P. gingivalis strains with prtC＋/fimA＋ and A. actinomycetemcomitans with lktA＋ were predominant in deep pockets （〉6 mm） or in sites with attachment loss 〉5 mm than in shallow pockets （3-4 mm） or in sites with attachment loss 〈2 mm （P〈0.05）. P. gingivalis strains withprtC＋/fimA＋ also showed higher frequency in gingival index （GI）=3 than in GI=1 group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Infection ofP. gingivalis with prtC＋/fimA＋ and A. actinomycetemcomitans with lktA＋ correlates with periodontal destruction of CP in Chinese. Nonetheless P. gingivalis fim4, prtC genes and A. actinomycetem- comitans lktA gene are closely associated with periodontal destruction, while A. actinomycetemcomitansfap gene is not.     

Shorter Notices

Hoffman , M. (1977). Reading, Writing and Relevance. Jackson , S. (1977). Oxford Junior Workbook, 1A, 2A, 3A and 4A. Riddell , G. and Gulland , D. (1975). Teaching: Active or Passive. Lewis , L. (1977). Attack-a-track. Spooncer , F. A. (1976). The Development of Reading, The Evaluation of Reading. Williams , A. (1971). Reading and the Consumer. Zimet , S. G. (1977). Print and Prejudice.     

Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity Among Maltreated Preschoolers: The Indirect Effect of Neglect Through Maternal Reminiscing

Maternal reminiscing and preschoolers’ (M = 5.00 years, SD = 1.11) autobiographical memory specificity (AMS) were examined among abusive (n = 24), neglecting (n = 78), emotionally maltreating (n = 32), and demographically similar nonmaltreating families (n = 74). Neglect was negatively associated with child AMS and the quantity of maternal elaborations. In a moderated mediation model, neglect was negatively associated with the quantity of maternal elaborations, which was positively associated with AMS when mothers reminisced in a coherent and sensitive manner (i.e., affective quality). In the context of high maternal affective quality, maternal elaborative quantity accounted for reduced AMS among neglected preschoolers. The findings extend observations of reduced AMS to neglected preschoolers and inform theoretical models of autobiographical memory development.     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: BLOOM, W. (1987) Partnership with Parents in Reading. DURKIN. K. (ed.) (1986) Language Development in the School Years. WEBSTER, A. (1986) Deafness, Development and Literacy. BESNER, D., WALLER, T.G. and MACKINNON, G.E (eds) (1985) Reading Research: Advances in Theory and Practice. PERERA, K. (1984) Children's Writing and Reading: Analysing Classroom Language. STEIN. NANCY, L. (ed.) (1986) Literacy in American Schools. Learning to Read and Write. DE BEAUGRANDE, ROBERT (1984) Text Production. Advances in Discourse Processes XI.     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: AINCOW, M. and TWEDDLE, D. (1984) Early Learning Skills Analysis. ANDERSON, R.C., OSBORN, J. and TIERNEY, R.J. (eds)(1984) Learning to Read in American Schools: Basal Readers and Content Texts. TUNMER, W.E., PRAIT, c. and HERRIMAN, M.L. (eds) (1984) Metalinguisfic Awareness in Children. Theory, Research, and Implications. DOWNING, J. and VALTIN, R. (eds) (1984) Language Awareness and Learning to Read. COCHRAN-SMITH, M. (1984) The Making of a Reader. GOELMAN, H., OBERG, A. and SMITH, F. (1984) Awakening to Literacy. KENNEDY, A. (1984) The Psychology of Reading. VAN DIJK, T.A. and KINTSCH, W. (1983) Strategies of Discourse Comprehension. EGOFF, SHEILA A. (1981) Thursday's Child. FLOOD, J. (1984) Understanding Reading Comprehension: Cognition, Language, and the Structure of Prose. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. ISBN 0-87207-7365. PETERS, M. (1984) Spelling: Caught or Taught? A New Look. GRONER, R., MENZ, c., FISHER, D.F. and MONTY, R.A. (eds) (1983) Eye Movements and Psychological Processes: international views. RAYNER, K. (ed.) (1983) Eye Movements in Reading: perceptual and language processes. HENDERSON, L. (1984) Orthographies and Reading. WALLER, T. GARY and MACKINNON, G.E. (eds) (1979) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 1. MACMNNON, G.E. and WALLER, T. GARY. (eds) (1981) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 2. MACMNNON, G.E. and WALLER, T. GARY (eds) (1981) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 3 MACKINNON, G.E. and WALLER, T. GARY (eds) (1985) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 4.     

Hemoglobin, growth, and attention of infants in southern Ethiopia

Male and female infants from rural Ethiopia were tested to investigate relations among hemoglobin (Hb), anthropometry, and attention. A longitudinal design was used to examine differences in attention performance from 6 (M = 24.9 weeks, n = 89) to 9 months of age (M = 40.6 weeks, n = 85), differences hypothesized to be related to changes in iron status and growth delays. Stunting (length‐for‐age z scores < ?2.0) and attention performance, t(30) = ?2.42, p = .022, worsened over time. Growth and Hb predicted attention at 9 months, R² = .15, p < .05, but not at 6. The study contributes to the knowledge base concerning the relations among Hb, early growth, and attention.     

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to predict sweetpotato starch thermal properties and noodle quality

Sweetpotato starch thermal properties and its noodle quality were analyzed using a rapid predictive method based on near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS）. This method was established based on a total of 93 sweetpotato genotypes with diverse genetic background. Starch samples were scanned by NIRS and analyzed for quality properties by reference methods. Results of statistical modelling indicated that NIRS was reasonably accurate in predicting gelatinization onset temperature （To） （standard error of prediction SEP=2.014 ℃, coefficient of determination RSQ=0.85）, gelatinization peak temperature （Tp） （SEP=-1.371 ℃, RSQ=0.89）, gelatinization temperature range （Tr） （SEP=2.234 ℃, RSQ=0.86）, and cooling resistance （CR） （SEP=0.528, RSQ=0.89）. Gelatinization completion temperature （To）, enthalpy of gelatinization （△H）, cooling loss （CL） and swelling degree （SWD）, were modelled less well with RSQ between 0.63 and 0.84. The present results suggested that the NIRS based method was sufficiently accurate and practical for routine analysis of sweetpotato starch and its noodle quality.     

Word Reading Fluency: Role of Genome‐Wide Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Developmental Stability and Correlations With Print Exposure

The genetic effects on individual differences in reading development were examined using genome‐wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) in a twin sample. In unrelated individuals (one twin per pair, n = 2,942), the GCTA‐based heritability of reading fluency was ~20%–29% at ages 7 and 12. GCTA bivariate results showed that the phenotypic stability of reading fluency from 7 to 12 years (r = 0.69) is largely driven by genetic stability (genetic r = 0.69). Genetic effects on print exposure at age 12 were moderate (~26%) and correlated with those influencing reading fluency at 12 (genetic r = 0.89), indicative of a gene–environment correlation. These findings were largely consistent with quantitative genetic twin analyses that used both twins in each pair (n = 1,066–1,409).     

Reviews

Book review in this Article: Allington, R. and Krull, K. (1981) Beginning to Learn Alpha Books. Phases 7, 8, 9. Easy Readers series. John Murray The Laura Brewster Books. John Murray Kelley, Leo P. Galaxy 5 series. John Murray The Reporters series. Harrap Books. Melling, Frank E. Project Motor cross Collins English Library (1980) Collins The reading level of this series of 16 readers is assessed at Stage H, according to W. Body Jones, lewis (1979) Graded English puzzles. Collins Westrope, Anne (1981) Phonic Workshop. Henderson, E. E. Spell Well Work Books 3 and 4 Clemens, Gwen (1981) Shapes and Words. Brennan, Wilfred, Jackson, Jean and Reeve, Juliet (1981) Look Marrow, Keith (1980) Skills for Reading. Moon, Cliff and Raban, Bridie (1981) A Question of Reading Clay, Marie M. (1979). The Early Detection of Reading Difficulties: A Diagnostic Survey with Recovery Procedures (second edition).     

Congruences for finite triple harmonic sums

Zhao (2003a) first established a congruence for any odd prime p>3, S(1,1,1;p)≡-2Bp-3 (mod p), which holds when p=3 evidently. In this paper, we consider finite triple harmonic sum S(α,β,γ;p) (mod p) is considered for all positive integers α,β,γ. We refer to w=α β γ as the weight of the sum, and show that if w is even, S(α,β,γ;p)≡0 (mod p) for p≥w 3; if w is odd, S(α,β,γ;p)≡rBp≥w (mod p) for p≥w, here r is an explicit rational number independent of p. A congruence of Catalan number is obtained as a special case.     

Hot and Cool Self-Regulation,Academic Competence,and Maladjustment: Mediating and Differential Relations

This study examined differential and mediating relations between hot and cool self-regulation (M_age = 48.2 months; N = 1,155, 48% girls), first-grade (M_age = 77.5 months) maladjustment (externalizing [EXT] and internalizing [INT] behavior), and first- and second-grade (M_age = 89.5 months) academic competence (AC). Using teacher reported EXT, INT, and AC, partial support for the differential perspective was found in that only hot self-regulation was significantly related to EXT, whereas both hot and cool self-regulation was significantly related to AC. Moreover, hot self-regulation indirectly predicted second-grade AC through first-grade EXT, lending some support for the mediating perspective also. The findings contribute to an understanding of how self-regulation is related to academic and behavioral school adjustment.     

Precise asymptotics in the law of the logarithm for random fields in Hilbert space

Consider the positive d-dimensional lattice d (d≥2) with partial ordering ≤, let {XK; K ∈ d } be i.i.d. random vari- ables taking values in a real separable Hilbert space (H, ||·||) with mean zero and covariance operator ∑, and set partial sums SN =∑K≤NXK, K , N ∈ d . Under some moment conditions, we obtain the precise asymptotics of a kind of weighted infinite series for partial sums SN as ε 0 by using the truncation and approximation methods. The results are related to the convergence rates of the law of the logarithm in Hilbert space, and they also extend the results of (Gut and Spǎtaru, 2003).