Phonological knowledge and naming ability in children with reading disability

Children who are poor readers have difficulty naming pictured objects. Their naming difficulty could be a result of inadequate representations of the phonology of words, inadequate processing of those representations, or both. In this study, third-grade good and poor readers were tested on object naming, and, in cases of naming failure, forced-choice recognition tasks were used to probe their knowledge of the phonology of the object names. The two reading groups showed no differences in their ability to select the initial phonemes or rhymes of object names they had not produced spontaneously. Moreover, initial phoneme prompts were helpful for both reading groups. The children differed, however, in their ability to produce words after being given rhyme information. The results indicated that, except in the ability to manipulate explicitly phonological information, the poor readers; performance was qualitatively similar to that of the good readers. It is suggested that training in phonological analysis may help poor readers overcome the deficiencies in establishing and processing phonological representations that lead to their quantitative deficit in object naming.     

The simple view of reading

A simple view of reading was outlined that consisted of two components, decoding and linguistic comprehension, both held to be necessary for skilled reading. Three predictions drawn from the simple view were assessed in a longitudinal sample of English-Spanish bilingual children in first through fourth grade. The results supported each prediction: (a) The linear combination of decoding and listening comprehension made substantial contributions toward explaining variation in reading comprehension, but the estimates were significantly improved by inclusion of the product of the two components; (b) the correlations between decoding and listening comprehension tended to become negative as samples were successively restricted to less skilled readers; and (c) the pattern of linear relationships between listening and reading comprehension for increasing levels of decoding skill revealed constant intercept values of zero and positive slope values increasing in magnitude. These results support the view that skill in reading can be simply characterized as the product of skill in decoding and linguistic comprehension. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the simple view for the practice of reading instruction, the definition of reading disability, and the notion of literacy.     

Genetic etiology of spelling deficits in the Colorado and London twin studies of reading disability

The basic multiple regression model for the analysis of selected twin data (DeFries and Fulker 1985, 1988) was fitted to spelling data from 100 pairs of MZ twins and 71 pairs of same-sex DZ twins tested in the Colorado Reading Project (DeFries, Olson, Pennington and Smith 1991), and to data from 12 pairs of MZ twins and 15 pairs of same-sex DZ twins tested in the London twin study of reading disability (Stevenson, Graham, Fredman and McLoughlin 1984, 1987). Estimates of h _g ² obtained from analyses of these data suggest that about 60% of the deficit of probands is due to heritable influences in both samples. When a regression model was fitted separately to data from males and females in the combined Colorado and London samples, resulting estimates of h _g ² were 0.66±0.18 and 0.56±0.19, respectively, a nonsignificant difference. Collaborative analyses of data from additional twin studies of reading disability would facilitate more rigorous tests of hypotheses of differential genetic etiology as a function of group membership.     

《英语阅读》教学方法的探索与实践

现代教学理论认为:阅读是主体对文本材料进行认知构建的心理过程。是主体获取知识和信息的重要手段。通过大量系统的阅读实践,学生可以逐步扩大词汇量,积累语言知识,进而加深文化积淀。《英语阅读》是英语专业基础阶段的必修课程之一,阅读能力的提高对听、说、写、译能力的发展起着推动与辅助作用。因此,笔者认为:探求《英语阅读》行之有效的教学方法有重要的实践指导意义。     

高三英语阅读教学目标达成度的探索和实践

阅读是英语教学的重点和难点 ,对已有一定阅读基础的高三学生 ,阅读应以提高正确率和阅读速度为目标。作者以“三步目标法”作为高三阅读教学目标达成度的训练方法 ,取得了较好的效果     

Antecedents to reading disability: Preschool language development and literacy experiences of children from dyslexic families

In a longitudinal study of the relation between preschool development and later reading abilities, children with dyslexic parents and/or older siblings were compared to children with no family incidence of dyslexia. Many children from dyslexic families developed reading problems by the end of the second grade, and these poor readers were characterized chiefly by weaker early syntactic and phonological skills and by less frequent exposure to books during their preschool years than the preschoolers who became normal readers. Some implications of the results for etiological theories of dyslexia are discussed.     

论关联理论中的认知语境在阅读教学中的应用

阅读是学生获得信息的主要手段,可看作是作者与读者通过语篇进行交际的过程,因此它应遵循关联理论。本文从对认知语境建构及在此基础上的推理的分析,得出教师在教学中积极建构学生的认知语境将对教学起着积极的帮助作用。     

高校英文报刊选读课程中学生阅读能力培养

本文基于我校英文报刊选读课程的教学现状,以高职英语专业学生为研究对象,探讨了如何帮助高职生进行英文报刊阅读并提升其阅读能力的有效方法。以期开阔学生视野,拓宽其获取英文信息的渠道,激发其学习兴趣,提高其英语水平。     

Role of age and IQ in emotion understanding in Autism Spectrum Disorder: implications for educational interventions

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by impairments in social communication and social cognition. Difficulties in emotion understanding, from emotion recognition to emotion regulation are common features that can affect the inclusion process. One outstanding question is the extent to which age and IQ affect such impairments. The effect of IQ and age on emotion understanding was estimated in 55 children with ASD aged between 5 and 10 and with IQ ranging from 70 to 130. Emotion understanding and non-verbal cognitive ability were assessed, respectively, with the Test of Emotion Comprehension and the Leiter-R scale. The majority of participants scored significantly lower on the TEC compared to the normative sample. Performance compared against norms decreased with age and improved with increasing IQ; children with ‘borderline cognitive functioning’ performed significantly worse than children with ‘normative cognitive functioning’. Emotion understanding skills in children with ASD are affected by cognitive level and age. Implications for educational interventions are discussed.     

特需专业研究生创新能力培养途径的探索与实践

本文分析了目前"特需"专业研究生创新能力培养中存在的问题,从构建特需研究生创新人才培养模式、制定特需型研究生培养方案、创建符合特色的实践教学平台、构建高水平研究生队伍及健全研究生学位论文的评价标准等方案进行研究,通过探索找到了符合特需研究生创新能力培养的新的途径。     

任务型教学在英语阅读教学中的应用

当前的英语课堂教学大多以教师为中心,学生学习英语的兴趣不断地降低。许多学者都在不断地寻求有效的英语教学途径,目的是找出一种有效地提高课堂效率的教学方法。那么以学生为中心,把任务的完成与学生的英语阅读融合在一起。不但强调了学生自主学习能力,还注重学生综合素质的培养。     

Conceptions of inclusion and inclusive education: a critical examination of the perspectives and practices of teachers in Poland

This small‐scale study details the development and execution of a system of inclusive education in 20th and 21st century in Poland. A detailed review of the literature and employment of in‐depth semi‐structured interviews aimed to establish how inclusion is defined and operationalised in Poland. In addition, the study sought to establish how the teachers' levels of professional development and personal attitudes towards inclusion were influencing the evolution of this important educational initiative. The data from the study detail that the concept of inclusion is not well known in Poland, and that integrative education still dominates educational thinking. The study provides data to suggest integration in Poland works well in the early stages of education, but that it struggles to provide for and integrate older children into the mainstream educational settings. The research concludes that Poland has taken an important but perhaps faltering step towards educating all children in the mainstream schools.     

谈认知结构在化学学习中的重要作用

作者从认知结构中知识的表征方式、知识的类型和知识的系统组织三个方面,结合教学实际阐述了建立良好的认知结构对学生学好化学的重要作用。     

Sound links in reading and spelling with discrepancy-defined dyslexics and children with moderate learning difficulties

This study reports the effects of a highly structuredindividually administered remedial teaching programmefor children with reading difficulties. Thephonological awareness, reading accuracy and spellingattainments of 28 children diagnosed as having low IQ(Mean IQ = 66, SD = 5.3) were compared with those of29 children diagnosed as having discrepancy defineddyslexia (Mean IQ = 95, SD = 8.4). The responsivenessto intervention of each group was also compared withteacher-referred reading-delayed children matched forinitial literacy skills. For reading accuracy andphonological awareness the dyslexic group respondedmore successfully than the low IQ group. The twogroups did not differ significantly on spelling. It isargued that the reading accuracy and phonologicalawareness results are in keeping with thephonological-core variable-difference (Stanovich &Siegel 1994) model of reading disability and that thegains of all groups on all measures were such thatthere is no obvious benefit in using IQ to selectchildren for a programme of individual teaching whichcombines reading with phonological awarenesstraining.     

教师在英语阅读课教学中的导向角色

本文从英语阅读课的目的出发,指出传统英语阅读教学中存在的缺陷,试图从英语教师在阅读课教学中的角色转变这一角度来探讨阅读教学的新思路。提倡教师在阅读课教学中应充当一个导向角色,培养学生良好的阅读习惯。让学生掌握好一套阅读的方法、技巧,有效地指导阅读,从而提高阅读速度、阅读理解能力,提高阅读能力。     

提高韩语阅读能力的教学方法探究

韩语阅读能力是一项重要的韩语语言基本能力。韩语阅读教学是培养学生能够快速成为具有专业知识技能和外语交际能力人才的有效途径。本文从分析影响韩语专业学生提高阅读能力的问题人手,有针对性地提出了多种行之有效的提高韩语阅读能力的教学方法。     

The role of naming speed within a model of reading acquisition

That symbol naming speed is an importantcorrelate of reading skill has been generallyacknowledged. Just what contribution it makesand why is a much more difficult question. Wesuggest that the search for such answers isbest developed within a broad model of readingskill acquisition. We propose an informalmodel and review evidence for several of itslinks. The major lines of influence arehypothesized to flow from cognitive abilities(mediated by instructional factors) tointermediate and final reading outcomes. Theoutcomes at each level, however, are affectedby outcomes at other levels, and in other wayscombine to complicate the picture. Use of sucha model may focus our research questions morefinely and lead to a more preciseconceptualization of the basis for naming speed– reading relationships.     

Phonological processes as predictors of specific reading skills in children at risk for reading failure

Children at risk for reading disability were evaluated as kindergartners and again as first graders to determine (1) intercorrelations among phonological processing tasks and (2) the relationship of such tasks to word identification and word attack. With IQ controlled, there were no intercorrelations among measures of phonological awareness, phonetic recoding in working memory, and phonological recoding in lexical access. Thus, these results failed to substantiate the concept of a general phonological processing ability. Partial correlations controlling for IQ revealed no relationship between reading and phonological awareness or phonetic recoding in working memory. In contrast, lexical access measures were significantly, albeit moderately, correlated with word identification but not word attack. Word attack and word identification were predicted by different combinations of variables. These results suggest that lexical access ability is an important factor in reading acquisition and that different combinations of phonological processes may be related to different aspects of reading.This research was supported by PHS grant HD 21887 to Bowman Gray School of Medicine and by PHS Grant NS 19413 to UNC-Greensboro Subcontract to Bowman Gray School of Medicine.     

论中学生英语阅读能力的培养

英语阅读教学越来越受到重视。影响中学生英语阅读能力的因素很多。本文认为 ,中学英语教学中培养阅读能力的主要途径是精读和泛读。培养阅读能力应以语言知识为基础 ,背景知识为前提 ,语篇知识为手段 ,完形填空、短文改错、写作等训练为必要的补充     

思辨能力与英语读写衔接

本文从思辨能力的界定和研究综述出发,以英语专业的阅读与写作的教学为例,深入探讨了英语专业学生思辨能力的界定和理据、目前存在的问题及思辨能力与读写衔接问题。这不仅对于英语专业,对于其他专业学生也有较大的借鉴意义及应用价值。