浅析遗传因素与运动选材

本文浅述了遗传因素与运动选材的关系,着重介绍了几个指标的遗传度对运动能力的影响。分析认为,遗传力度较高的几个方面与运动选材高度相关,而且这几项内容应作为运动选材的首要指标。     

运动能力遗传选材在广西羽毛球队的成功应用

要攀登体育运动高峰 ,选材工作极为重要 ,选材的方法很多 ,而运动能力遗传选材 ,有其科学性和实用性。广西羽毛球队应用运动能力遗传方法选材 ,取得了丰硕的成果。     

科学选材要重视遗传因素

构成人体运动能力的性状表现出高度的遗传性，从理论和实践上论述遗传选材的科学性、实用性和可行性，以提示广大教练员在科学选材过程中重视遗传因素，提高选材效率和成功率。     

体型的遗传与运动选材

体型可反映人的运动能力，不同的体型适合不同的运动项目，遗传因素在体型的发育及形成过程中起主导作用。本文从体型的形成、发展、遗传以及与运动关系的分析，为运动选材提供参考依据。     

论跳水运动员的科学选材策略

一、跳水运动员科学选材应把握的知识理论1、认识和掌握遗传及人体生长发育规律遗传与变异的理论已渗透到跳水运动员科学选材与训练中,逐步形成了“运动才能遗传学”,组成运动能力的各种成份,大都受遗传因素的影响,应用遗传学的观点、方法和手段来进行跳水运动员科学选材,成为实现跳水体育科学不可缺少的内容。运动员在生长发育过程中的身体形态、生理机能、运动素质、运动成绩及     

遗传选材的研究进展

运动选材学科是一门潜力大、难度大、综合性强的新兴学科。遗传基因研究成果对运动选材领域的渗透研究,遗传因素与选材理论和方法,尤其是遗传选材方法研究等问题,是当前运动选材研究的热点问题。旨在通过有关遗传因素与选材的研究,展示杰出运动能力相关基因的研究进展和有关方法,以促进我国在该研究领域工作的广泛开展。     

论跳水科学选材策略

一、跳水运动员科学选材应把握的知识理论 1、认识和掌握遗传及人体生长发育规律 遗传与变异的理论已渗透到跳水运动员科学选材与训练中,逐步形成了“运动才能遗传学”,组成运动能力的各种成份,大都受遗传因素的影响,应用遗传学的观点、方法和手段来进行跳水运动员科学选材,成为实现跳水体育科学不可缺少的内容。     

遗传因素与摔跤运动员选材

根据摔跤运动的特点和高水平摔跤运动员所具备的能力特征，对遗传因素与摔跤运动员选材的关系进行了探讨，认为摔跤运动员选材的指标应参照遗传度大的相关遗传因素，并从身体素质、心理因素、身体形态、生理机能等方面综合评价。     

运动能力与遗传

越来越多的研究材料表明,人体的运动能力与机能能力和遗传因素关系极为密切,实际上遗传因素已构成了现代体育运动训练中一个重要的组成部分,遗传因素对运动能力的影响也越来越受到人们的重视,从而国内外出现了很多与运动选材有关的选材法,这些众多的选材法会挖掘出更多的具有运动天赋的儿童少年,在体坛上也必然会出现更多的运动精英。     

浅谈影响青少年排球运动员选材的因素

青少年排球运动员选材的影响因素有以下几点 1家族遗传因素 排球运动员选材时,首先应考虑遗传因素,经研究与实践证明,运动员的运动能力大都受遗传因素的影响。优越的天赋条件是成功的必须条件,而具有优越天赋条件的运动员就要靠教练员在青少年早期的选材中发现和挖掘。因此,运用遗传学的观点、手段和方法进行科学选材中是十分重要的。影响运动员未来身高、     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。