JOURNALISTS IN THE MAKING

Rapid change in the news industry and the prevalence of layoffs, buyouts, and closings have led many newsworkers to experience job insecurity and worry about their long-term futures in journalism. Our research uses a case study of employees at an independently owned media company in the United States to explore the various ways newsworkers respond to this culture of job insecurity and how their responses affect efforts to change news practices. Findings demonstrate that those who believe their jobs are at risk are unlikely to change their practices and even some who perceive job security are reticent to initiate change. As a result, the culture of job insecurity in the news industry has a limiting effect on changes to journalism practice.     

The “Free Press” of Unionized Journalists and Students

This paper outlines a history of the union organizing of the American Newspaper Guild at Thomson Newspapers’ Peterborough Examiner in Canada from 1968 to 1969. It examines the communication tools that union members used to facilitate this labor organizing and “bite back” at the profitable Thomson chain. Peterborough newsworkers went on strike from November 1968 to April 1969 over union recognition. During the strike, the union members built an unprecedented alliance with Ontario university students, collaboratively launching a strike newspaper called the Peterborough Free Press. Expanding on the concept of temporary labor convergence, this paper considers how strike newspapers can be seen as a form of alternative journalism that newsworkers use as a campaigning tool to communicate their struggles to the public and put pressure on news corporations to bargain with them. This case study is situated in the local institutional contexts of labor relations at the Peterborough Examiner and the news industry in Peterborough, where Thomson Newspapers had a media monopoly. It is based on labor standpoint and signal juncture analyses of union archival documents and newspaper content. The research ultimately suggests that newsworkers should not only focus on communication tools but also build bridges with community members.     

论"读者第一"的图书馆服务理念

文章就"读者第一"理念的产生、意义及其对新世纪高校图书馆读者服务工作的要求作了较全面的论述.     

创造美好的读者服务——从小华盛顿客栈的服务谈起

文章从小华盛顿客栈的服务谈起,论述了高校图书馆必须重塑图书馆精神,建立高素质的馆员队伍,制定完善的工作机制,从而把＂读者第一,服务至上＂的服务宗旨落到实处,创造美好的读者服务。     

The life cycle of altmetric impact: A longitudinal study of six metrics from PlumX

The main objective of this study is to describe the life cycle of altmetric and bibliometric indicators in a sample of publications. Altmetrics (Downloads, Views, Readers, Tweets, and Blog mentions) and bibliometric counts (Citations) (in this study, the indicators will be capitalized to differentiate them from the general language) of 5185 publications (19,186 observations) were extracted from PlumX to observe their distribution according to the publication age. Correlations between these metrics were calculated from month to month to observe the evolution of these relationships. The results showed that mention metrics (Tweets and Blog mentions) are the earliest metrics that become available most quickly and have the shortest life cycle. Next, Readers are the metrics with the highest prevalence and with the second fastest growth. Views and Downloads show a continuous growth, being the indicators with the longest life cycles. Finally, Citations are the slowest indicators and have a low prevalence. Correlations show a strong relationship between mention metrics and Readers and Downloads, and between Readers and Citations. These results enable us to create a schematic diagram of the relationships between these metrics from a longitudinal view.     

论"读者第一"的真理性——兼评"馆员第一"的观点

提倡"图书馆员第一"的观点混淆了"读者"和"图书馆员"的基本社会范畴,不仅无益于图书馆员队伍的建设,而且不利于图书馆事业的发展."读者第一"是图书馆自身发展规律的反映,也是图书馆社会职能的体现,更是图书馆未来发展的正确选择.     

中华医学会系列杂志导读栏目的设置和优化

导读好比人们在信息超市中的导向图,给人以方向感,激发读者闭读的兴趣。对2009年中华医学会主办的79种中华系列杂志中导读的刊载情况进行调查分析,探讨生物医学期刊导读的类型,以及制作和编排的注意事项。     

读者满意度是衡量图书馆服务绩效的首要标准——基于2008年长沙理工大学图书馆读者满意度调查报告分析

读者满意度与图书馆服务绩效是现代图书馆理论中的二个理论维度,存在着正相关性。读者满意度强化图书馆服务的生态理念,是图书馆服务绩效量化的基轴;读者满意度反映图书馆服务的人文关怀,体现图书馆服务绩效量化追求的终极目标;读者满意度利于提升图书馆馆员的综合素质,表明图书馆服务绩效量化存在的现实价值。     

The Tyranny of the Empty Frame

This study explores the notion of the “tyranny of the empty frame” within the online departments of the two leading Slovenian newspapers, Delo and Dnevnik, where online journalists—newsworkers with little or no training or experience in photojournalism—are required to provide each news item with at least one photograph. By adopting newsroom observation and in-depth interviews with online journalists working for Delo and Dnevnik, we investigate paradoxes associated with this imperative. Despite often being faced with a desperate search for “any image,” online journalists at both institutions are reluctant to use citizen-produced photographs—their use appears to be an aberration rather than a norm. Instead, they frequently resort to using what they refer to as a “symbolic photograph” to overcome the lack of visual material originating from the reported event. This move from indexical–iconic nexus to metaphoric visual communication signals challenges to the dominant paradigm of press photography. At the same time, we suggest that we should not view the phenomena of citizen photojournalism as a radical break with the past but as the latest development in a series of interrelated processes, intellectual projects of modernity, such as ocularcentrism, journalism, capitalism and the nation state.     

Applying swarm intelligence to a library system

This paper aims to integrate a library system so that it becomes intelligent. We use swarm intelligence to develop friendly human-computer interface software for readers using a personal or notebook computer. We program the system and software with Extensible Markup Language (XML) and C Sharp language. The kernel library automatically communicates with other libraries by agents, so readers can search from the closest library. This study adds only one component to the kernel library, and the other libraries do not add this component. They maintain their original status. Readers do not use a browser; they directly communicate with the library search system, saving much time. Readers without IT skills can also easily search for books in the library system.     

影视时代读者的瓦解与建构

1990年代以来,大众传媒和商业意识的崛起,彻底瓦解了传统的读者群,阅读成为一个分化的小部落行为,阅读趣味也发生了巨大的分裂。强大的大众传媒力量构建了一个权利的话语体系,读者的阅读行为也被纳入到这一强大的媒介话语的生产结构之中。在以电视传媒为代表的大众文化日益渗透的影响下,受众的阅读心理呈现出一种娱乐化的特征,读者的阶层呈现全面的分化。在电视的强大影响下,阅读开始以家庭或小群体为单位,随着电视的指针而选择同一种阅读类型。当影视文化建构起的消费主义意识形态深刻地引导着受众的消费——购买影视图书的时候,读者就成为马尔库塞所说的“单向度的人”．     

论公共图书馆"两个一切"的办馆理念

从联合国教科文组织《公共图书馆宣言》关于提供平等服务的宗旨和我国公共图书馆的性质任务出发,阐述了“一切为读者,为一切读者”应成为我国各级公共图书馆办馆理念的基本思想。     

赏识教育在读者失信行为管理中的应用

读者失信行为是读者在图书馆进行借阅活动和接受服务时的违规行为。失信行为的出现使图书馆诚信服务的承诺受到质疑,给图书馆管理工作带来很大的难度。将“赏识教育”应用于读者失信行为管理中,通过树立全新的赏识教育观、将赏识教育渗透于读者诚信行为养成的全过程、对不同性质和性格类型的失信读者采取不同的赏识教育方法、将“爱的艺术”贯穿于赏识教育的全过程、从图书馆细节上体现赏识观念等措施可以有效地控制失信行为的发生。     

论高校图书馆“一流服务”理念

随着时代的发展,读者服务的理念和工作方法也应随着改变。本文没有局限于图书馆范围内所探讨的读者服务,而是借鉴了美国金爵曼餐厅的服务理念和服务经验,对高校图书馆读者服务的工作提出了一些建议,旨在使图书馆的读者服务真正能达到一流的水平。     

图书馆员的基本价值观--为人找书为书找人

文章论述了"为人找书,为书找人"是图书馆职业最简明的表述,是图书馆员的基本价值观.分析了"人"、"书"、"找"的地位和关系.     

我的读者观

读者不但是图书馆的创造者，图书馆的所有者，图书馆发展的推动者，而且是文本意义的接受者、解释者、评判者、生产者、再造者，更是图书馆价值的实现者。读者作为图书馆的真正主人拥有“参政权”。     

医院图书馆读者需求调查

对复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院图书馆来馆读者使用图书馆服务的情况进行了调查,结果显示医院图书馆读者人群以研究生和医生为主,且主要利用图书馆网络及电子资源,建议医院图书馆加强馆藏建设,加大电子资源的推广、培训和指导。     

Through the looking glass: finding Internet sites to mirror your collection

Many libraries are grappling with the new freedom to link to the Internet directly from a Web-based catalog. A conservative approach that locates only Web sites replicating a library's print holdings is described. Methods for locating URLs include reviewing front matter in reference materials, scouring the Internet for material produced both in print and full text on the Web, electronic mailing lists, publishers' promotional materials, conferences, and journal articles. Readers are encouraged to make links from the catalog to any original material produced in Web-readable form by the university, including dissertations and conference proceedings.     

绩效棱柱视角下的图书馆显性知识管理

从绩效棱柱的视角,提出显性知识立体管理模型。模型中,基础服务面向知识组织棱展开,读者共建面向读者满意面展开,分别代表知识与人的认知水平的推进。加强图书馆显性知识管理应从4方面入手：以读者为本,授权用户,促进信息资源使用;着眼知识的析出与利用,建立激励机制;直接面向读者开展参考咨询服务;构建信息共享空间,促进人际互动。     

不同媒介阅读效果差异的作用机制探究

[目的/意义]为更好地传播知识,提升阅读效果,研究针对电子阅读与纸质阅读的效果差异,以实验的形式探究影响媒介阅读效果的作用机制。[方法/过程]通过实验,比较学习者在高背景信息水平的纸质阅读（P-book）条件、中等背景信息水平的iReader电子阅读条件和低背景信息水平的Word电子阅读条件下的不同阅读效果。[结果/结论]结果发现：P-book条件下,学习者在迁移测验、认知负荷、阅读速度、视角疲劳程度上的表现都要显著好于Word条件,在迁移测验上也显著好于iReader组。iReader组在阅读速度和认知负荷上显著好于Word组。得出结论：阅读效果同时受阅读媒介和阅读环境中的背景信息标记的影响。纸质阅读环境中的背景信息标记,能够缓解视觉疲劳,降低认知负荷,提高阅读阅读速度;但是阅读效果中的知识理解却更容易受阅读媒介的影响,纸质媒体更利用于知识的理解。