The Evolution of Business Models and Marketing Strategies in the Music Industry

This article provides a strategic analysis using a services marketing framework of 3 business models in the music industry: the traditional music industry; renegade peer-to-peer music file trading; and new, legitimate online downloading services. Key recommendations are made on how new, legitimate services can succeed using convergent marketing strategies. Finally, a conclusion is provided addressing the future of the music industry and other media-related industries.     

Success in the Dutch Music Festival Market: The Role of Format and Content

Nowadays, music festivals are very important for generating revenue streams in the music industry. However, studies on what makes music festivals a success are scant. In this article, a conceptual model to explain the success of music festivals is introduced and tested. Such a model seems pressing now that competition in the music festival industry is increasing. Our conceptual model includes variables that are under the control of music festival organizers, namely format and content characteristics. The content features include scope of the audience, lineup, age, and having a theme or message. Budget, ticket price, location, and having a maximum visitor capacity make up the format features. The model is tested with data from 47 music festivals in the Netherlands. The results show that relatively newer festivals can achieve good growth in terms of visitor attendance, especially if they have a narrow scope (niche). Interestingly, this is true for both large and small festivals. Our findings are important with respect to music festival diversity and choice for audiences, which may be at risk due to increasing competition. The fact that several festivals have a capacity constraint seems to be beneficial for diversity as well. Interestingly, budgets (and star lineup and ticket price), theme, and location are largely nonsignificant predictors of success.     

How Can Music Majors Increase Their Success in the Market for Over-the-Air Downloads?—The Case of Germany

Music majors, who have been suffering from dwindling revenues in their core business, are placing extraordinary hopes on the new market of over-the-air (OTA) downloads. However, until now there has been no broad academic discussion about this market. In particular, two central questions have not yet been addressed: (a) Which factors influence the success of music majors in the OTA-download market?, and (b) How can music majors increase their success in this market? To answer these questions, this study used a holistic research approach, which combines an economical and a sociological perspective. This study first identified the drivers for the success in the OTA-download market and analyzed these factors in 1 large-scale survey (n = 1,780) in Germany and a series of expert interviews. Subsequently, a mathematical Excel-based tool was constructed and data optimization techniques from operations research were applied to derive the optimal mix of strategic measures that maximizes the success of music majors in the German OTA-download market. Finally, recommendations for implementing these strategic measures are presented. This explorative study provides a systematic understanding of the general factors driving success in any OTA-download market. Therefore, there is hope that it will be relevant for both German and international scholars and managers.     

居民健康档案管理现状分析

无论是医疗卫生行业还是档案业,居民健康档案都成为当下研究的重点,居民健康档案事业的完善也推动了民生服务行业的进步。本文对当下居民健康档案管理的现状进行分析,总结居民健康档案管理中存在的问题,并研究这些问题存在的原因,对这些问题提出整改措施,为日后相关学者对居民健康档案的研究提供参考借鉴。     

Bundles,Big Deals,and the Copyright Wars: What Can Academic Libraries Learn from the Record Industry Crash?

This article reviews the contention that U.S. laws favor copyright owners over consumers, and pre-existing models over innovation. The relationship of commercial publishers to the Open Access movement is compared to that of the creators/users of file sharers and the Record Industry. The library literature bears out the contention that journal publishers have exhibited some of the behaviors that contributed to the decline of the major record labels. Librarians who support free scholarship will find the music industry plight instructive; just as iTunes fulfilled consumer demand, Open Access and other alternatives will transform publishing.     

A Core Collection of Trade Journals for Manufacturing

Trade journals are an important source of current information in academic libraries which support a business curriculum as well as for commercial, industrial and large public libraries. In recent years, studies establishing core lists of business periodicals have included trade journals, but have not dealt primarily with them. This study identifies trade journals for manufacturing industries, an economic activity defined and classified using SIC codes in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual. For this study, industries whose value of shipment was ten billion dollars or more annually were selected. Next, directories such as Business Publication Rates and Data which describe a journal's focus and coverage were consulted. From this large pool, the trade journal which most closely matched the industry defined by the SIC code was selected, provided it was indexed. If two or more trade journals were considered appropriate for the same industry, the one with the highest circulation was used. A core collection of trade journals was established which, when combined with a careful assessment of the needs of users, should be of value to those charged with collection development.     

E-books, the latest word: proceedings from the Acquisitions Institute at Timberline Lodge

A panel which included a librarian, publisher and e-book providers presented issues confronting the growth of e-books in the academic library marketplace. The e-book market projections are a small part of the higher education book market. Frontlist titles are demanded by libraries with suppliers eager to supply such titles. However, publishers are feeling their way through various rights and contract issues as well as business models as they determine which frontlist titles to provide in electronic form. The instability of business partners has contributed to publisher delays in releasing titles as e-books. No one, (librarians, suppliers, publishers) is throwing in the towel on e-books but the position this format takes in the publishing industry and therefore in library collections in the near future is unsettled.     

The Performance Rights Act: Radio Broadcasting Faces Major Challenge in Long Battle Against Music Licensing

In 2009, Congressional subcommittees approved a bill which would impose a performance fee on radio stations playing music over the air, known as the Performance Rights Act (PRA). Passage of the PRA could historically alter the relationship between the radio broadcast industry and the music industry. Terrestrial broadcast radio stations have paid music licensing agencies fees to songwriters and composers but never to the artists. This study examines the acrimonious relationship radio broadcasters have had with the music licensing agencies over the past eight decades, and the potential impact of the PRA on the future of terrestrial radio.     

数字内容产业版权制度建设研究

当前出版产业的驱动力已经由印刷时代的复制件控制权转化到数字内容的传播控制权中.数字出版时代产业链、商业模式也相较于传统内容产业复杂得多,由此带来的版权问题会更多.鉴此,论文以数字出版产业区别于传统产业的最大不同为出发点,分析现有数字内容产业的商业模式,依此探究其涉及产权问题.最后对在数字网络环境下,国际和本土版权法必须得变革,以及产权制度建设等提出了一些建议,以期为我国数字内容产业健康发展提供一定的支持.     

The business of library acquisitions: A consumer action model

Librarians'concerns for ethics, management, standards, and evaluation of service performance reflect a concern for the business operations of a library. While libraries serve social, educational, and cultural needs in society, they are also non-profit business organizations. It is, therefore, necessary that a library be managed as a professional business. We are large bureaucracies and major consumers, but we find ourselves striving for recognition as professional organizations by the public and the book industry.In Acquisitions, as conscientious consumers of the publishing industry, we have a responsibility to evaluate the trade standards of the products we purchase and the performance of the service for which we have contracted. This paper presents a model of trade standard guidelines for a specialized area of the publishing industry and advocates a broader application towards trade standards for the entire publishing industry.     

Of “Tomatoes” and Men: A Continuing Analysis of Gender in Music Radio Formats

The 2015 radio controversy “SaladGate” revealed a lack of female music artists gaining airplay. This study expands a previous gender analysis of American music radio into a longitudinal study. A content analysis of 192 stations revealed that airplay is increasing for females. However, most of these gains came from the Top-40 format, echoing concerns about the recording industry’s preference that women become pop stars, leaving all other musical genres to men. The results suggest the existence of a gender order in music radio, one that works hand-in-hand with the music industry to exclude women.     

The Publishing Industry in Thailand

Due to its own cultures of publishing, distributing, reading, and life styling, the publishing industry in Thailand is much complicated to be penetrated. Our readers are changeable as always. It has been much difficult to predict them. So a newcomer in the industry has often been agitated by readers. Many have gotten left this business as soon as their first book have been never published. Since their book expected to publish was out of Thai readers interesting anymore. However, the industry has still been continuing on. Sometimes, it has been so peak in meaning of an outstanding industry is calling newcomers jumping in the game. Still, there were many hopes in this industry during a declining economic. So economic conditions may impact the sale of books but it is not a main reason for change in Thailand. The different distribution and reading culture in Thailand are main factors of the industry.     

Moving Toward a Balanced and Effective Response to Internet Music Piracy

Peer-to-peer file sharing of music over the Internet is perceived as a major threat to the international recording industry. This article proposes a novel response to this issue and contrasts this proposed approach with the response of the recording industry to date. The author suggests that piracy could be reduced by changing the distribution of music to an application service provider (ASP) model. Consumers would pay to use software residing on a remote server to play downloaded files but would not possess a complete copy of a physical product that could be reproduced. By selling music as an application, the industry could exercise tighter control over the security of its product without attempting to secure every computer, music player, and CD manufactured. The ASP approach would also limit infringement to the much more serious crime of hacking a corporate server and would eliminate the need to sue large numbers of otherwise law abiding consumers.     

Business Models for Content Delivery: An Empirical Analysis of the Newspaper and Magazine Industry

Although there have been efforts to define, describe, and classify business models, current literature does not provide a structured method of comparing business models between companies within or between industries. This article outlines a conceptual business model and proposes 5 components that a business model for content delivery should include: the product, the consumer, the revenue, the price, and the delivery. By using the newspaper and magazine industry as an example, we empirically test the impact of these 5 components on profit. Furthermore, we address 2 key issues content providers are confronted with when selling digital content: First, how much of the digital content is available free or at cost, and second, is the digital product as complementary or a substitute to the physical product. Finally, we assess the risk of cannibalizing the physical product with the digital one by a multiple regression analysis.     

The utilitarian and hedonic outcomes of music information-seeking in everyday life

This qualitative study focuses on what contributes to making a music information-seeking experience satisfying in the context of everyday life. Data were collected through in-depth interviews conducted with 15 younger adults (18 to 29 years old). The analysis revealed that satisfaction could depend on both hedonic (i.e., experiencing pleasure) and utilitarian outcomes. It was found that two types of utilitarian outcomes contributed to satisfaction: (1) the acquisition of music, and (2) the acquisition of information about music. Information about music was gathered to (1) enrich the listening experience, (2) increase one's music knowledge, and/or (3) optimize future acquisition. This study contributes to a better understanding of music information-seeking behavior in recreational contexts. It also has implications for music information retrieval systems design: results suggest that these systems should be engaging, include a wealth of extra-musical information, allow users to navigate among music items, and encourage serendipitous encountering of music.     

试论高校图书馆音乐网络工作者的音乐素养

在音乐网络这个领域内,一个合格的、跟上新时期步伐的音乐工作者应该清楚地认识到,提高音乐素养是时代的要求,也是工作的客观需要。重视音乐素养的学习和提高,加深对音乐的理解,提高音乐综合能力,是关系到网站在未来是否适应新时期高校教育需要的大问题,也是网站在未来的竞争中生存与发展、牢固占领文化领域的重要因素。     

U.s. government information need,awareness, and searching: A study of small business executives

Small business executives were studied to assess their need for government information, their awareness of its availability, and the extent to which government information searching was affected by factors such as their information need, availability awareness, and individual and company background characteristics. Data were collected through mailed survey questionnaires to small businesses in New Jersey. The results showed that the regulatory and legislative information was rated the most important to small businesses, and that less than one-third of respondents were fully aware that government information is available in multiple formats at local depository libraries with no user cost. Data also showed that more frequent users viewed government information of higher value, and were more aware of its availability. These executives were also more likely to perceive high industry competitiveness of their companies, to own a computer, and to have Internet access. Implications for library services and research are discussed.     

关于美国信息立法的探索

信息立法是有关信息法的制定。信息法是一国为管理信息产业而制定的为调整信息活动而产生的各种社会关系的法律规律的总和。文章先概述了信息法的内涵,然而从四个方面公民信息自由与隐私保护、知识产权保护、商业信息保护、信息的安全保护等对美国的信息法作了说明     

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文章首先介绍了国内关于信息业定义和结构的广义派和狭义派观点，然后在宏观分析它们的一些主要观点后，提出了作者的看法。     

Information markets to improve information value and utilisation

Abstract

The Internet provides a challenge to existing media structures and cultural values, particularly in the distribution of recorded music. Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) file‐sharing sites like Napster and KaZaA have facilitated the widespread downloading of unlicensed music and the creation of a new kind of shared culture. In response, the established music industry is simultaneously attempting to undermine the impact of these exchanges (describing them as theft) and to take advantage of the possibilities of the Internet in reducing distribution costs and offering the possibility of a more direct relationship between labels and consumers. By drawing on both historical and contemporary analyses of the music industry, this article critiques the argument that digital downloads are necessarily hurting legal’ record sales and then problematises dominant definitions of piracy. The article then evaluates the evolving strategies of the major record companies as they try to come to terms with P2P culture and concludes that, while they may have the resources and the legal clout to withstand the challenge, they lack the cultural capital embodied in these new decentralised systems of cultural distribution and consumption.