农村教育政策与发展问题研究综述

农村教育具有基础性、先导性、全局性的作用,是我国教育工作中的重中之重。近几年农村教育在先进的农村教育政策保障下出现了良好的发展态势,如均衡化发展逐步展开、课程改革全面推行、小班化教育逐步推广、一费制全面推行等。农村教育要进一步发展还需突破认识关、经费关、机制关。     

The South African Education Agenda: Identifying Markers for Rewriting Agricultural Extension Curricula

Abstract

Changes in education and agriculture in South Africa indicate that agricultural extension practitioners should facilitate continuous learning among farmers. This requires that extension practitioners acquire new skills. To provide these skills requires a critical examination of agricultural extension curricula in the light of South Africa's educational, agricultural and rural development policies with a view to rewriting extension curricula. An initial theoretical examination of extension education in the light of South African education policy yields seven learning outcome indicators encapsulating theory and practice in: 1) theory and practice in problem solving; 2) collect, analyse, organize and critically evaluate information relevant to his extension responsibilities; 3) theory and practice in Participatory Technology Development and innovation; 4) theory and practice in systems (systems thinking), including beyond farm systems; 5) theory and practice in learning facilitation; 6) theory and practice in participatory ‘curriculum’ (extension outcomes, content and process) development; and 7) theory and practice in learning and learning styles. Tertiary institutions and other stakeholders can use these indicators to examine and continuously adjust curricula to ensure extension practitioners are equipped to deliver relevant support to farmers as the agricultural landscape changes.     

美国农村基础教育优先发展政策探析

城乡基础教育发展不均衡一直是制约美国基础教育全面发展的瓶颈。为了消除城乡基础教育发展的差距,美国联邦政府制定和颁布了许多优先发展农村基础教育和差异性优先发展农村基础教育的政策和措施。这些政策和措施有效地促进了美国农村基础教育的发展。     

重庆市江津区德感镇和爱村扫盲亲历记

西南大学扫盲教育研究与培训中心是教育部设立的全国唯一从事扫盲和扫盲后继续教育研究与培训的专门机构。笔者亲临扫盲基地——重庆市德感镇和爱村,通过参观、收集数据、与村民访谈,对扫盲教育有了真实且深刻的认识。整理和总结有效的扫盲经验,提出对策,以利于促进农村扫盲教育的新发展。     

面向农村发展的职业教育政策设计

推动职业教育面向农村发展是统筹城乡职业教育发展的重要举措,具有十分重要的意义。不仅能改变我国职业教育现状,逐步缩小我国城乡职业教育发展差距、统筹利用职业教育资源,而且有利于＂三农＂问题的解决。推动职业教育面向农村发展主要依赖于各级政府的力量,要求各级政府在招生政策、办学政策、财政政策和教学政策等方面做出相关规定,从而为职业教育面向农村发展提供良好的政策环境。     

Knowledge Types Used by Researchers and Wool Producers in Australia under a Workplace Learning Typology: Implications for Innovation in the Australian Sheep Industry

Abstract

This paper reports on research into the learning aspects of adopting integrated parasite management practices for sheep (IPM-s) applying a workplace learning framework. An analysis of four primary data sources was conducted; a postal survey of Australian wool producers, a Delphi process with IPM-s researchers, focus groups and interviews with wool producers.

Researchers had a high expectation of conceptual and high level procedural knowledge for IPM-s, while wool producers had a tendency to rely on low- and high-level procedural knowledge for parasite management. Researchers also showed concern for disposition as it related to parasite management. Practices identified as potentially problematic for extension, included worm egg count testing (according to best practice), supplementary feed (specifically for worm management), selecting estimated breeding value-tested rams, weighing and monitoring body condition scores, and keeping written paddock histories.

This research provides significant empirical insights into the knowledge differences between researchers and producers that can affect how research is developed and communicated for the IPM-s project to facilitate behaviour change. The identification of some IPM practices as problematic for producers will also allow targeted extension for these practices.     

Utilizing Information and Communication Technologies to Achieve Lifelong Education for All: A Case Study of Myanmar

This paper examines the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in advancing the cause of education for all and livelong learning. After examining the claimed benefits of ICTs for promoting education and schooling, and the characteristics of education and the basic education movement in Asia, the paper focuses on providing a case study of one country in South-East Asia, that of Myanmar, regarding the use of ICTs to achieve lifelong education for all. The paper reports on a research study being undertaken by the author which examines how ICTs are being harnessed to support educational needs in the formal education system in Myanmar, including basic education, teacher development, and in the higher education institutions under the Ministry of Education. The study focuses specifically on the applications of ICTs for increasing access and improving quality in the context of the Information Age. The research is based on a field survey and case studies of best practices and innovations in the applications of ICTs to education in the Myanmar education system. By identifying the conditions that must be addressed in making effective use of ICTs for learning and teaching, the results of this study provides much needed feedback to assist the Ministry of Education in Myanmar to operate most cost-effectively in this area. Although the paper specifically examines the situation regarding one particular country, lessons learnt from the experience of Myanmar have much to offer researchers, policy makers and practitioners regarding the applications of ICTs to education development in other parts of Asia, and indeed in other parts of the world. However, the extent to which the results of this research study are generalizable to other developing countries has yet to be ascertained, since this is beyond the scope of the study reported on in this paper.     

Education for Sustainable Development in Ethnic Autonomous Areas of China: A Comparison of Two Curriculum Initiatives and Their Educational Implications

This paper examines the educational implications of two curriculum initiatives in China that have produced curricular materials promoting education for sustainable development (ESD) in minority-populated ethnic autonomous areas in China. The two curriculum projects present distinctive discourses, conceptions, models, frameworks and scopes of ESD in the country. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that the actual implementation of the curriculum initiatives, especially the enactment of the curriculum materials produced, might be thwarted due to structural and systemic educational constraints, an anthropocentric approach to sustainable development, poor teacher support and teacher training, omissions of the affective learning components in curricular contents, as well as loopholes and weaknesses in the development of the curriculum materials themselves.     

农村职业教育发展的新路径:城乡统筹发展职业教育

要改变农村职业教育的落后状况,必须城乡统筹发展职业教育。城乡统筹发展职业教育是一种新型职业教育发展观。城乡统筹发展职业教育是促进农村持续健康发展的需要,是实现教育公平及社会和谐发展的需要,是农村人力资源开发和积累的需要,是实现农村发展方式转变的需要。要城乡统筹发展职业教育,必须着力推进城乡统筹发展职业教育的制度安排,着力推进城乡统筹发展职业教育的基础能力建设计划,着力建立推进城乡统筹发展职业教育的公益体制,着力完善推进城乡统筹发展职业教育的政策保障。     

Home and Career Development: A Life History of Elia Hill Swann, 1878–1961, with Implications for Counseling

This study is based on a life history of a woman born in 1878 who, at the age of eighteen, left her farm home in an isolated rural area to make a life in an urban career. Her life history parallels and extends our understanding of the experience of modern day women who leave home for careers in distant areas. It is also an example of the experience of women of a rural diaspora. The results identify ways that home and memories of home can support women's career development over the lifespan. The qualitative data analyzed in this study leads to recognition of how home can support the launching as well as reinventing of a career by providing a source of strength for women who are far from home. In addition, a woman's home and reminiscence of home can provide a source of comfort and support during times of emotional or financial hardship. Women who are from outside the mainstream American urban/suburban culture, such as women whose homes are in rural or non-European American areas, need to be prepared for difficulties that can arise while becoming acculturated in a commercial, consumer culture. Finally, implications for counseling are discussed.     

高等教育通向农村对城乡统筹发展的作用探析

高等教育通向农村是提高我国农村劳动力素质、培养新型农民、促进城乡统筹发展的必要途径。推进高等教育通向农村,应建立服务于城乡统筹发展的高等教育体系;促进产学研有机结合,培养适应城乡统筹发展的高层次人才;使农村高等教育的布局和城乡统筹发展相协调;加大对高等教育通向农村的政策扶持力度,使高等教育通向农村真正服务于城乡统筹发展。     

改革开放以来我国农村基础教育政策创新发展的特点

一直以来,我国农村基础教育政策对于农村基础教育的整体发展具有绝对的导向作用．改革开放以来我国农村基础教育政策系统处于不断革新之中,有必要从定性分析的角度,由政策生态环境发展的基本特征、政策内容创新的突出特点、政策制定创新的主要特色、政策创新约束的具体表征四个层面深入探讨改革开放以来我国农村基础教育政策创新发展的具体特点．     

略论西藏教育的发展历程及其经验

西藏和平解放五十多年来,西藏的教育事业从极其落后的封建农奴制寺院教育直接跨入了社会主义现代化教育的行列,取得了重大的成就。本文主要论述西藏和平解放以来西藏教育的发展历程以及取得的主要成就和经验。     

统筹西部城乡发展的财税政策选择

城乡二元分割问题阻碍了经济的发展，引发了一些社会不稳定，城乡分割格局虽然主要不是因财税政策不当而产生的，但却大多与财税政策有关。西部地区各方面条件相对较差，发展相对滞后，可借鉴东部经验，通过有效的财税政策调节，解决这一矛盾。     

区域推进:农村地区实现义务教育均衡发展的基本策略——政策学视角的分析

实现义务教育均衡发展是我国基础教育发展的重要政策目标。国家相关政策体系的建立、“普九”工程的初步完成以及“以县为主”管理体制的建立都为区域推进提供了可能性和现实基础。因此,区域推进是实现农村地区义务教育均衡发展的基本策略。而区域推进必需依靠区域教育政策主体的主动性、政策体系的完善性以及政策执行过程中的有力保障。     

统筹西部城乡发展的财税政策选择

城乡二元分割问题阻碍了经济的发展,引发了一些社会不稳定,城乡分割格局虽然主要不是因财税政策不当而产生的,但却大多与财税政策有关。西部地区各方面条件相对较差,发展相对滞后,可借鉴东部经验,通过有效的财税政策调节,解决这一矛盾。     

论新闻传播学专业的“考研热”与高校学风建设

近年来,高等院校应届毕业生报考硕士研究生已成为各大城市每年冬季的独特风景。新闻传播学专业的学生不同于文史、理工类学生,有其鲜明的个性特点。当下在传媒类学生中悄然兴起的考研热潮也在持续升温,对新闻传播院系甚至整个高校的学风建设产生了较大的影响。这种影响既有积极的一面,也有消极的负面作用,唯有有效引导,方能兴利除弊。     

可持续性早期儿童发展政策的理念和实施——亚太地区国家早期儿童发展政策制定的进展

早期儿童发展政策是一个社会性政策,它通过政府的投入对有关早期儿童发展重要问题的解决提供指导,为儿童及其家庭提供服务。这一政策应具有社会、政治、经济和人力资源方面的可持续性。政策的组成部分包括理想与目标、活动、管理和财政。政策制定的过程强调多方人员的参与以及有据可依。亚太地区多个国家近年来在早期儿童发展政策的制定方面取得了很大的进展,但同时在政策的实施、管理和财政方面仍面临很大的挑战。     

教育促进农村发展研究——联合国粮农组织与教科文组织亚洲会议主题简介与回应

联合国粮农组织和联合国教科文组织通过国际教育计划研究所进行教育促进农村发展的国际研究．并于2002年11月在亚洲会议上向与会者介绍他们的研究。会议在此基础上展开了教育与农村发展的研讨，主要涉及五个主题：1）全民教育；2）通过教育与培训提高粮食安全；3）减少贫困；4）回应农村劳动力市场转型：教育与培训的意义；5）农村地区的艾滋病。这些主题涉及到亚洲发展中国家的发展特别是发展中国家农村发展的普遍性和全局性问题，是教育和农村发展研究中应该引起广泛关注和深入探讨的问题。     

职业技术教育与农村人力资源开发的研究

在我国现代化建设进程中,最严重、最迫切需要解决的问题是“三农”问题。而“三农”问题的核心是农民问题。农村劳动力是影响农村经济发展的一个重要制约因素,大量剩余劳动力在农村的滞留,不仅给农村造成了沉重的经济负担,而且造成了严重的人力资源浪费,成为困扰农村社会经济发展的“瓶颈”。以我国农村人力资源开发的理论和现实为依据,分析在现阶段开发农村人力资源的重大意义,可以提出通过发展职业技术教育开发农村人力资源的原则和具体途径。