水土保持与可持续发展研究

水土资源是人类赖以生存的物质基础,是环境与农业持续发展的基本要素。防止水土资源的损失与破坏,保护、改良和合理利用水土资源,对于维护和提高土地生产力,改良生态环境起重要作用,它是环境与农业持续发展的基础。     

河西走廊水土流失成因分析及水土资源可持续发展对策研究

河西走廊是一个干旱、风沙、盐碱、荒漠化比较严重的地区,水土流失较为严重,做好水土保持工作,是实现地区和社会发展的基础.根据实际调查和有关资料查证,分析河西走廊水土流失的原因,探讨水土资源可持续发展对策.     

天水苹果主产区土壤中重金属监测及评价

天水市是我国生产苹果的主要地区之一,对天水花牛苹果主产区果园土壤重金属元素进行了监测分析与环境质量评价,以期为天水无公害苹果产地环境质量的改善和生产安全优质的苹果提供科学依据.结果表明,该区主要果品生产基地的土壤环境质量总体状况良好,符合目前国家所规定的无公害果品基地或绿色食品产地土壤环境质量的要求,对该区无公害果品以及绿色食品的生产和开发具有一定的指导意义.     

Mechanisms of Innovation Diffusion Under Information Abundance and Information Scarcity—On the Contribution of Social Networks in Group Vs. Individual Extension Approaches in Semi-Arid Kenya

Abstract

Purpose: Training transfer has been examined for formal industrial and service organizations in developed countries but rarely for rural organizations in sub-Saharan Africa. This study sought to identify transfer system factors that best explain the transfer of governance-facilitation skills provided to leaders of farmers' marketing organizations (FMOs) in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach: Face to face interviews using interview schedules containing selected elements of the Learning Transfer System Inventory were conducted with 99 FMO leaders to collect data on the factors that could affect transfer of governance-facilitation skills. Findings: Hierarchical regression revealed that personal capacity to transfer, transfer design, supervisor support and feedback on performance were significant predictors of perceived transfer of governance-facilitation skills.

Practical implications: Results point to the need for extension organizations that work with rural farmers' organizations to design effective training methods and transfer approaches that enhance training transfer, as well as promote leadership that values and supports training transfer to FMOs.

Originality/value: The focus on member owned, participatorily run rural farmers' organizations to test factors affecting transfer of critical skills adds value to the training transfer discourse. Additionally, the role of trainee characteristics, transfer design and work environment factors in enhancing training transfer within developing country local organizations in rural Africa is confirmed.     

水土保持是山丘区防治洪水灾害的根本措施——以黄冈麻城调查研究为例

麻城山丘区面积大,水土流失严重,洪水灾害频发。一段时间内,人们不合理地经济活动,破坏了自然植被,导致境内植被覆盖率降低,土地失去植被的庇护,水土流失加剧,造成洪水径流量和洪峰流量加大,加重了洪水灾害。二十多年的水土保持工作实践表明：以小流域为单元的水土保持综合治理工作,通过在流域内实施工程措施、生物措施和农耕措施相结合,坚持山、水、林、田、路统一规划,拦、截、灌、蓄、排优化配置,集中连片,规模治理,防范减灾效益显著。事实证明,水土保持工作是山丘区防治洪水灾害的根本措施。     

公司制企业应实行预算管理

预算管理被引入企业后,坚持以人为本,分解企业的各项指标,强调资金统一管理,强化考核机制,对企业的生产经营管理具有重大的作用。     

湖南省水土流失现状分析及其防治对策

湖南省是长江流域中上游水土流失比较严重的省份之一,这取决于该地区的三大背景,即生态环境比较脆弱,经济基础相对薄弱以及整个社会处于快速发展阶段。作者通过近期收集资料、野外调查以及数据分析,在本文中概述了该省的水土流失现状特征及其原因。第一,湖南省水土流失依然严重,并且类型多样;第二,自然水土流失正在减弱,而人为水土流失正在增强;第三,土壤侵蚀的总体面积有所减少,而水土流失的程序没有明显下降。作者认为,这种状况目前在南方丘陵山区具有普遍性,因此必须积极采取有效对策,尤其要尽快遏制呈增长趋势的人为水土流失。首先,迫切需要加强现有水土保持行政管理机构的主管地位;其次,必须广泛呼吁国家和社会对落后丘陵山区环境与发展的投资与援助;同时,应该积极采取诸如建立健全有关环境保护的干部考核机制、加强广泛的社会宣传以及环境教育等各种手段,有效提高全社会的水土保持和生态建设的意识;此外,要加强南方丘陵山区生态建设及其工程治理的科学技术研究,进一步巩固和优化该区水土保持的生态措施与工程措施效果。     

贴近学生的真实阅读:国外阅读评价分析——以PIRLS、PISA和NEAP为例

对国外阅读评价的研究有利于我国阅读评价的改进。通过对PIRLS、PISA和NEAP的阅读评价分析可见,要开展有效的阅读评价,首先要确定"以读者为中心"的阅读理念,明晰核心概念内涵;其次,要基于学生的日常阅读,设计科学合理的评价阅读框架,对阅读情境、阅读文本及阅读认知过程进行明确界定;再次,在具体阅读评价实施中,要根据学生的阅读特点合理地编制试题、制定评分标准、开展问卷调查。     

Inequality,capabilities and poverty in four African countries: girls’ voice,schooling, and strategies for institutional change

Children’s adaptive preference and capabilities are considered in relation to literature on children’s voice, agency and adult adaptation. Data collected for projects on gender and schooling in South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania and Nigeria are analysed to show how adaptation and distinctions between absolute and relative poverty are helpful in interpreting why children in some locations identify particular obstacles and solutions while others are silent on these. Children comment on constraints on capabilities differently in areas of relative and absolute inequality. School conditions, earnings, and the implementation of legal frameworks on early marriage and pregnancy highlight forms of structural and relational coercion that constrain capabilities. The findings suggest a relationship between relative inequality and children’s capability to aspire and consider change. This points to the significance of improving learning materials, opportunities for travel and exchange, and teacher confidence and support in schools that serve the poorest children.     

从关于学习的评价到为了学习的评价

为了学习的评价近些年来在评价研究和实践中日益被广泛接受。本文介绍了为了学习的评价的基本概念、应用为了学习的评价的主要策略和原则,并将其与关于学习的评价进行了比较。通过将剑桥评价和CTB的两个为了学习的评价的产品作为例证,作者建议专业化考试机构应该在关于学习的评价之外推进为了学习的评价以服务于教育。     

硫酸锰生产过程对环境的影响及污染治理

通过对硫酸锰生产工艺过程中影响环境质量的水、烟气、固体废弃物、噪声、地表水和环境风险等项目进行了系统的监测与评价,在监测结果基础上,拟定出一套完整的治理方案,并对该方案治理效果进行了综合评价。结果表明,我们的治理方案能够满足三废排放标准,是一种简便、经济、快速处理硫酸锰生产工艺过程污染的好办法。     

湖南四水流域水土流失成因与防治对策

湖南省四水流域水土流失严重,分析该流域水土流失的现状、特点及成因,结合该流域自然条件和社会经济条件,论述该流域水土保持的重要性和紧迫性,在此基础上提出了水土保持的有效途径．     

我国水土流失问题及对策

分析了影响水土流失的自然和人为因素,水土流失在农业生产,水利工程,洪涝灾害和生态环境待城的危害,提出了治理水土流失的生态工程建设和生物措施,工程措施以及耕作措施。     

西亚和北非音乐的特点分析

从地域的文化特点和音乐的种类上探寻西亚和北非的音乐特点,其中涉及了以阿富汗、伊朗、土耳其、阿拉伯各国和中亚各国的音乐,并从宗教音乐、民俗音乐和古典音乐等几个方面阐述了西亚和北非音乐的共同性:具有微分音的运用和乐音有条件的带腔性;玛卡姆和达斯特加赫的旋律体系;均分律动与非均分律动同时存在;织体思维方式以横向性为主以及乐器的运用等。     

“A child who is hidden has no rights”: Responses to violence against children with disabilities

BackgroundThere is an urgent need to understand how best to prevent and respond to violence against children with disabilities as they are at a high risk for violence because they are marginalized, isolated, and targeted and have little power within their communities.ObjectiveGuided by social-ecological theory, this study explores responses to violence against children with disabilities, including preventative measures and treatment of victims in the West African countries of Guinea, Niger, Sierra Leone, and Togo.ParticipantsParticipants were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling from the following three groups: disability stakeholders including representatives from local, national, and international organizations and governments; community members including parents, teachers, and leaders; and children with disabilities.MethodsA qualitative study design guided data generation, that included document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups across the four countries. In total, 419 people participated. Of those participants, 191 took part in an interview and the rest participated in one of 55 focus groups.FindingsResponses to disability-based violence are driven at the mesosystem and exosystem levels. Prevailing views indicated that national level policies and laws are not always considered part of solutions, communities are leading responses to violence, and children with disabilities are hidden at home or in institutions for both their own and their family’s safety.Conclusions The findings can inform development of prevention and intervention programs that will protect children with disabilities from violence in contexts with high levels of disability stigma, social conflict, violence, and poverty.