俄国东正教会对沙皇政权依附关系的形成

10世纪末叶,东正教从拜占廷帝国传入基辅罗斯,后来又传播到罗斯全境,成了罗斯国家的国教。从拜占廷传入罗斯国家的东正教,最初是依附于君上坦丁堡牧首公署的。15世纪中叶以后随着俄罗斯国家力量的强大,它又直接依附于沙皇政府,成为沙皇俄国封建统治的驯服工具。本文就东正教传入俄国及其所处地位的变化过程作一分析,以就正于学界同好。一、东正教传入基辅罗斯在接受东正教以前,东斯拉夫人是信奉多神教的。东正教传入罗斯地区有个历史过程。     

从“罗斯受洗”看拜占庭对俄罗斯宗教的影响

东正教曾被誉为俄罗斯文化的核心,通过阐述罗斯接受东正教的过程,即其从原始多神教信仰到基督教占主导地位的转变过程,分析拜占庭东正教对俄罗斯宗教的影响。     

蒙古入侵期间罗斯东正教会拒绝与天主教会合并的原因

以罗马教皇为首的天主教国家乘蒙古人入侵基辅罗斯之机,企图合并罗斯东正教会。由于教皇无意于反蒙援罗、十字军对罗斯西部领土的侵犯、蒙古人对天主教国家与东正教国家的不同政策、尼西亚东正教会对基辅罗斯的宣传与影响,罗斯人最终拒绝了教皇的教会合并请求。     

东正教对俄罗斯法的影响

俄罗斯独特的法律文化深受拜占庭东正教的影响。东正教与天主教、新教并称为基督教的三大派系,10世纪末传入罗斯并被立为国教。它不仅是一种宗教价值标准,也是文明的重要组成部分。在影响俄罗斯法律发展的诸多要素中,东正教的影响不仅触及制度层面,也触及于价值层面。20世纪80年代末苏联东正教复兴,在国家转轨的过程中显示出巨大的力量,对现代俄罗斯法治国家的实践发挥着不可替代的作用。     

基辅罗斯时期的翻译文学

在辉煌灿烂的俄罗斯文学长河中,翻译文学占有重要地位。严格来讲,俄罗斯文学起源于翻译文学。基督教传入罗斯之前,罗斯并没有自己的文学。为了巩固和扩大基督教的影响,基辅罗斯从保加利亚和拜占庭等国翻译了大量作品。这些作品以宗教文学为主,但世俗文学作品也受到了宗教的影响,具有浓厚的宗教色彩。翻译文学的发展不仅有助于俄罗斯文学体系的形成,还巩固了基督教的地位,稳定了统治,促进了罗斯的封建化进程。     

基辅罗斯史前史新探

基辅罗斯史前史新探［苏］雷巴科夫著侯忠武译１．罗斯（按学术术语，系基辅罗斯）国家的形成，是在前此两三千年间在斯拉夫人土地上经历过的长期的，多种多样的潜在过程的结果。遗憾的是，对俄罗斯国家产生的一些主要概念所研究和考察的不是这些深刻过程本身，而只是到９...     

俄罗斯关于国家起源问题的争论

俄罗斯古称基辅罗斯或罗斯,我国自清朝康熙年问根据蒙古人的读音“斡罗斯”翻译成“俄罗斯”,一直沿用至今。基辅罗斯是谁建立的？是诺曼人还是斯拉夫人？在俄罗斯历史上,这个问题长期以来在学术界和思想界存在着争议。从18世纪开始,争论中提出的每一种观点无不与民族情感、阶级立场和特定的政治背景相关联。     

拜占廷与基辅罗斯的征战贸易

征战贸易是拜占廷和基辅罗斯的主要交往方式,战争频繁,从907年到1043年,双方发生六次大战,究其原因大都源于贸易纠纷。两国战后均签订和约,从和约来看,拜占廷和基辅罗斯的关系是平等的,但两国贸易的主导权在拜占廷,拜占廷对罗斯的贸易具有一定的殖民主义性质。     

谈东正教在中国的传播和影响

东正教是基督教的一个分支,在988年通过罗斯受洗而进入俄国后即被定为国教。在以后的岁月中,东正教在俄国获得了极大地发展。东正教传入中国,是沙皇对中国侵略的一种手段。但由于多方面的原因,东正教在中国并未像其他外来宗教一样获得广泛的传播。     

11-12世纪拜占廷与基辅罗斯关系研究

11-12世纪,拜占廷国内外危机加剧,为应付本国危机,加强了对基辅罗斯外交和宗教控制,尤其在宗教方面,基辅罗斯成为拜占廷直接管辖下的一个省级都主教区,与拜占廷国内其它省级都主教区并列。基辅罗斯分裂成若干小公国,也给拜占廷插手本国内政提供机会。两国传统的商业贸易因商路被切断而日益衰落。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.