固体相变时光热位移信号的分析

本文给出了固体相变时光热位移信号的模型,提出了用迈克尔逊干涉装置检测固体相变的测量方案,并进行了分析。     

分子动力学模拟碳纳米管中冰的相变

受限于碳纳米管中的冰或水是进行纳米尺度生物通道研究的重要模型,对一定条件下其内部结构的研究将为碳纳米管的实际应用提供可能.采用分子动力学模拟分别对温度为240K,压强为500MPa,550MPa和600MPa下受限于(14,0)zigzag型碳纳米管中的水分子进行了研究,得到了不同压强值下水分子在碳管中的密度分布等静态性质.结果表明:随着压强值的增大管内水分子的结构会发生相变,即由正四方形水分子链生成正五边形水分子链;在压强增大导致发生相变过程中,水分子由无序变得有序.     

Learning through transitions: The role of institutions

In this paper two models are proposed for analysing transitions in education. Firstly, transitions are the processes that follow ruptures perceived by people. They include learning, identity change, and meaning making processes. Secondly, processes of change are observed through a semiotic prism, articulating self-other-object-sense of the object for self, and located in a specific social frame. Transitions are thus analysed as reconfigurations of such semiotic prism. The paper proposes to highlight the role of institutions as social frames likely to facilitate, or constrain, such reconfigurations. The role of institutions in transitions is discussed through three case studies: the transition to vocational training, the transition out of a religious school, and the transition to work at war-time.     

本雅明技术复制艺术理论述评

本雅明从对传统艺术与现代艺术的比较出发,深入研究了技术复制艺术的审美特征、社会功能、创作特点及艺术与大众的关系诸问题,提出了独树一帜的观点。他兼容并蓄的研究方法为我们理解当代媒介艺术提供了重要参考。     

The Experience of Female Ballet Dancers: A grounded theory

We examined the experience of female ballet dancers and developed a theory about the origin and effects of this experience. Gordon's (1983) book Off Balance contains interviews and accounts of dancers' experience, and was used as the primary data source. Established methods of grounded theory were used to develop a theoretical account based on Gordon's text. We gleaned 167 meaning units from the text, and through categorization of these meaning units identified thematic components of dancers' experience as: (a) Fantasy Creatures; (b) Machines; (c) Slaves; (d) Children; and (e) Artists, each feeding our core construct of dancers as "A Breed Apart". Based on these categories we suggest some possible dynamics from which these experiences derive; we also discuss the study's limitations and implications for future research.     

The Nacirema revisited: A pedagogical tool for teaching criminological theory

Modeled after Horace Miner's classic article “The Body Ritual of the Nacirema,” an explanation of modern day Nacirema undergraduates as “academic deviants” is used as a pedagogical tool for negotiating criminological theory. Similar to the question, why do people commit crime, this paper asks why are some students “criminal”, i.e., poor students?     

Working class educational transitions to university: The limits of success

Educational transitions experienced within a context of wide and growing inequalities such as England result in very different transition experiences to those experienced by young people growing up in relatively equitable societies with strong communal links. Transitions of working class young people in England are beset with competition, individualism and low expectations. Employing Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, capital and field, the article argues that working class transitions to university reveal the failure of the English educational system to provide anything like a level playing field to support working class young people who are seen to be educational successes. Focusing on those working class young people who are particularly successful by gaining access to elite universities the paper argues that even this small select group face discrimination, set-backs, and a degree of social exclusion. The paper concludes that the vast majority of working class young people, including many of those who are the most academically successful have very different transitions to higher education, and experiences within it, from their middle and upper class peers.     

人学研究必须创新——第三届全国人学学术研讨会综述

针对当代新科技革命，经济、政治、文化的全球化趋势，以及我国社会主义建设和改革的深化和发展等一系列情况，第三届全国人学学术研讨会的主题定名为“人学与建设中国特色社会主义”。会议着重探讨了进入新千年和新世纪的人学建设问题人类中心主义和反人类中心主义的争论；新科技革命与人的自我认识的深化；个人与集体、个性与社会性的关系问题；“以人为本”与社会主义人道主义原则；社会现代化和人的发展；全球化与人权的关系。     

儿童贫困观的研究:基于内隐理论的视角

阻止贫困的代际传递是我国新时代扶贫工作所面临的新挑战,以往研究更关注客观贫困对个体发展的不利影响,忽略了儿童对贫困的主观认知与信念在贫困状态中所发挥的潜在作用。基于内隐理论的视角,贫困观是儿童与周围环境或他人互动中所构建出的一系列与贫困相关的朴素观念和认知模式。通过强调在应对贫困时个体主动性和主体性的重要价值,贫困观的研究为教育扶贫拓展出了新的思路。目前的研究中,儿童的贫困观主要聚焦在贫困推理(儿童对贫富状况的判别并据此对个体品质和行为做出的推断)与贫困归因(儿童对贫富差异原因的认识)两方面。贫困观的个体差异会对儿童在公平分配、认知能力等方面的行为和表现产生一定的影响。但个体对贫困的看法是可塑的,通过一些间接途径改变儿童的贫困观,将有利于提升贫困儿童的行为表现。未来研究需要继续拓展贫困观的内容框架,考察可能造成的其他影响,关注贫困观的发生发展机制和群体差异性,最终为有效的教育干预方案提供更为科学的相关依据。     

The elaboration theory of instruction: A model for sequencing and synthesizing instruction

This paper describes a novel instructional model for sequencing, syntheizing, and summarizing subject-matter content. The importance of such models is discussed, along with the need for a significant change in the role of subject-matter structure in instruction. A zoom-lens analogy is presented to facilitate an understanding of the elaboration model of instruction. Some basic concepts and principles upon which the model is based are described. The basic unvarying components of the elaboration model are described. And finally, some variations in the model for different kinds of goals are described. The elaboration model follows a general-to-detailed pattern of sequencing, as opposed to the hierarchically based sequences derived from Gagné-type task analyses.Many of the ideas described in this paper were developed under two projeets, one funded by Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, and the other by the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center in San Diego, California; however, the ideas expressed do not necessarily constitute the opinions of the funding institutions.     

A test of anxiety/uncertainty management theory: The intercultural adaptation context

Anxiety/Uncertainty Management theory, as formulated by Gudykunst and Hammer (1987a), proposes that intercultural adaptation outcomes are based on the two mediating dimensions of uncertainty reduction and anxiety reduction and sixteen secondary variables that systematically influence uncertainty and anxiety reduction. In this paper, the sixteen variables originally identified are categorized into four “fundamental factors”; (interpersonal saliencies, intergroup saliencies, communication message exchange, and host contact conditions). The present study examines this revised Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory of intercultural adaptation. A total of 291 international students at two universities in the United States participated in the study. The study found overall fit of the revised AUM theory vis‐a‐vis the two mediating factors of uncertainty and anxiety reduction, the importance of interpersonal saliencies for uncertainty reduction, and the importance of host contact conditions for facilitating feelings of comfort and reducing anxiety. Intergroup saliencies were significantly related to uncertainty reduction but not, contrary to expectation, to anxiety reduction. Communication message exchange (which consists of information gathering strategies and second language proficiency) was, again contrary to expectation, not significantly related to either uncertainty or anxiety reduction. Finally, cultural identity showed a small though significant negative relationship to intergroup saliencies, suggesting a stronger, ingroup identity was associated with increased uncertainty. The paper concludes by proffering explanations for the findings and suggestions for future research.     

Powell inversion mechanical model of foundation parameters with generalized Bayesian theory

The inversion mechanical model of foundation parameters based on Powell optimizing theory was studied with generalized Bayesian theory. First, the generalized Bayesian objective function for foundation parameters was deduced with maximum likelihood theory. Then, the expectation expression and the covariance expression of the foundation parameters were obtained. After selecting the Winkler foundation as representative, the governing differential equations of the typical foundation were derived. With the orthogonal series transform method, the Fourier closed form solution of a moderately-thick plate on the Winkler foundation was achieved. After the optimal step length was determined with the quadratic parabolic interpolation method, the Powell inversion mechanical model of foundation parameters was resolved, and the corresponding inversion procedure was completed. Through particular example analysis, the highlight is that the Powell inversion mechanical model of foundation parameters with generalized Bayesian theory is correct and the derived Powell inversion model has universal significance, which can be applied in other kinds of foundation parameters. Besides, the Powell inversion iterative processes of foundation parameters have excellent numerical stability and convergence. The Powell optimizing theory is unconcerned with the partial derivatives of systematic responses to foundation parameters, which undoubtedly has a satisfying iterative efficiency compared with the available Kalman filtering or conjugate gradient inversion of the foundation parameters. The generalized Bayesian objective function can synchronously take the stochastic property of systematic parameters and systematic responses into account.     

Degradation process of coated tinplate by phase space reconstruction theory

The degradation process of organosol coated tinplate in beverage was investigated by electrochemical noise (EN) technique combined with morphology characterization.EN data were analyzed using phase space reconstruction theory.With the correlation dimensions obtained from the phase space reconstruction,the chaotic behavior of EN was quantitatively evaluated.The results show that both electrochemical potential noise (EPN) and electrochemical current noise (ECN) have chaotic properties.The correlation dimensions of EPN increase with corrosion extent,while those of ECN seem nearly unchanged.The increased correlation dimensions of EPN during the degradation process are associated with the increased susceptibility to local corrosion.     

Educology: The theory of educational practice

The relationship between psychology and education may be expressed in terms of two general models: the traditional hierarchical model, according to which psychology is the “parent” discipline; and a parallel model, in which the relationship between “pure” theory and its application is metaphoric rather than paradigmatic. The hierarchical model, however, does not hold even for such a “tight” area as behavior modification, let alone for educational practice in general.Educational practice, as a professional enterprise, should be guided by a consistent set of constructs taken from the practitioner's universe of discourse. The professionalization of education has been delayed because of attempts, mostly vain, to guide practice by applying constructs derived from other disciplines. Other disciplines, notably psychology, can be useful for education but in a metaphoric sense only. “Educology” is suggested as a convenient term for the set of constructs that should give coherence to educational decision-making.     

RICH theory: The promotion of happiness

The acronym RICH stands for resources, intimacy, competence, and health. These characteristics are purported to define psychological health, which is assumed to be synonymous with happiness. The four characteristics encompass all possible reinforcers, are relatively obtainable by all individuals, are interrelated to the extent they incorporate each other in their definitions, and function to guide both the diagnosis of individual functioning, and the design of interventions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 43–49, 2004.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of liquid phase sintered silicon carbide composites

Silicon carbide (SiC) composites were prepared by hot-press sintering from α-SiC starting powders with BaAl2Si2O8 (BAS). The effects of additives on densification, microstructure, flexural strength, and fracture behavior of the liquid phase sintered (LPS) SiC composites were investigated. The results show that the served BAS effectively promotes the densification of SiC composites. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the SiC composites can reach a maximum value of 454 MPa and 5.1 MPa·m1/2, respectively, for 40% (w/w) BAS/SiC composites. SiC grain pullout, crack deflection, and crack bridging were main toughening mechanisms for the sintered composites.     

热致相变材料四卤合金属酸(Ⅱ)二烷基铵相变动力学

热致相变材料四卤合金属酸（Ⅱ）二烷基铵具有层状钙钛矿结构．本文合成了四氯合锌酸十四铵n-（C14H29NH3）2ZnCl4和四氯合锌酸十六铵n-（C16H33NH3）2ZnCl4，并在两种材料的乙醇溶液中结晶出一系列二元混合体系．对纯组份及各个二元体系采用Kissinger和Ozawa两种动力学模型处理差示扫描量热（DSC）测定的热分析曲线，研究了非等温固-固相变动力学，计算了固-固相变过程的活化能和反应级数，两种方法的计算结果相接近，二元体系表观活化能E0值，随着C14Zn质量分数的增加，活化能呈波动变化、CnZn及二元体系的反应级数为1.