跨学科博士生学术社会化的特征、挑战及其支持策略

跨学科人才培养已成为高等教育改革的重要趋势,也正成为高层次人才培养的重要形式。然而,学科制度不仅是一套知识生产制度,也是人才培养制度,要在以学科制度为基础的现代大学中开展跨学科人才培养活动必然充满挑战。基于博士生学术社会化理论考察跨学科博士生教育经历后发现,跨学科博士生面临着高挑战性的知识获取、漫长且高风险的多重投入以及危机丛生的身份卷入,无异于在“钢丝上行走”。高校应着力改进课程体系,强化科研训练,夯实跨学科知识技能培养;推进评价奖励制度创新,给予跨学科人才成长时间与空间;完善导师指导与就业支持机制,坚定跨学科身份认同与职业承诺,以强化对跨学科博士生社会化的支持力度,提升高层次复合型人才培养成效。     

Socialization of Doctoral Students to Academic Norms

Using the framework for graduate and professional student socialization developed by Weidman, Twale, and Stein (2001), this study addresses socialization of doctoral students to the academic norms of research and scholarship. Data are presented about the perceptions doctoral students in a social science discipline (sociology) and in educational foundations at a major research university have of the scholarly and collegial climates of their departments. Data on students' social relationships with faculty and peers as well as their reported participation in scholarly activities are also reported. A multivariate analysis provides support for the framework, affirming the importance of social interaction among both students and faculty as well as collegiality among faculty for creating a supportive climate for doctoral study that also has the potential to provide a strong foundation for subsequent academic and/or research careers by stimulating students' research and scholarly productivity.     

Socialization of Doctoral Students: Implications for Social Work Education

Recent discussions on social work education increasingly have drawn attention to doctoral education. The purpose of this article is to consider these discussions that debated some of the ways of improving doctoral student education and professional development, using professional socialization as a conceptual framework. Issues such as research, teaching, and research assistantship, and conferences are considered as key components of the process of preparing doctoral students for knowledge building through teaching and research. Finally, the paper discusses some implications for social work education.     

Doctoral Student Socialization: Educating Stewards of the Physical Education Profession

ABSTRACT

In preparing the future stewards of the physical education profession, the occupational socialization and professional development of physical education doctoral students is important to consider. To date, there has been scant scholarly inquiry into doctoral education in physical education. However, there is an abundance of research related to doctoral training in the higher education literature more generally. Drawing upon this larger body of work, this article expands occupational socialization theory to address the socialization of physical education doctoral students and faculty members. The case is made that effective doctoral training in physical education is essential to securing the future of the profession. Provided is an overview of the existing literature, presentation of an adaptation to occupational socialization theory that explains doctoral physical education socialization, and a discussion of key professional development issues that academic leaders and student support personnel should consider. Implications and recommendations for doctoral physical education leadership and academic programs are provided.     

我国博士生社会化研究综述

博士生社会化的过程涵盖了学术社会化和职业社会化双重因子。对博士生社会化的研究兴起于国外,我国目前尚处于起步阶段,但国内学者对博士生社会化的内涵解读、影响因素探索、阶段划分仍进行了相对完善的研究,并从理性认识博士生社会化和通力合作推动博士生社会化两个方面分析了实现策略。未来的研究任务很艰巨,需要在学习国外相关理论的基础上加强中国的本土化研究,真正解决我国博士生的社会化问题。     

博士生专业社会化影响因素：组织环境、关系网络与个体特征的三维分析

运用文献研究法对博士生专业社会化的内涵演变进行历时分析。与此同时,借鉴埃尔加的观点,将影响专业社会化的复杂要素归纳为组织环境、关系网络和个体特征。通过对国外成果的系统梳理,研究得出：学科文化和院系制度为博士生的专业学习提供发展空间;师生关系和同伴关系是博士生获取信息及情感支持的重要来源;种族与性别偏见已成为博士生专业发展的突出障碍,而学习动机、时间管理及心理素质是博士生调节外来影响,进而发挥能动性的关键所在。延续现有趋势,我国研究者可从三方面继续推进：关注专业社会化环境中系列要素的动态组合;借鉴社会化研究方法多角度呈现博士生教育现状;构建具有本土意义的专业社会化理论体系。     

博士生专业社会化理论研究概述

用专业社会化的理论对博士生教育进行的研究主要集中在美国。关于博士生专业社会化理论研究的共识主要有：博士生专业社会化是一个身份认知、角色获得和专业发展的过程,这一过程要经历不同的互动阶段,这些阶段反映了学生对专业的不同程度的认同感和承诺,每一个阶段都受到了内外部环境不同程度的影响,其中,学生的个人背景、学科文化、学院和学校的组织文化对博士生的专业社会化产生了不同程度的影响,形成了博士生专业社会化的个体差异、学科差异和机构差异等多元化的形态。认为博士生专业社会化理论对我国博士生教育研究的理论和实践具有一定的参考价值。     

Fitting the Mold of Graduate School: A Qualitative Study of Socialization in Doctoral Education

Doctoral student attrition in the United States has reached alarming proportions, with reported rates of approximately 50% across disciplines (Nettles and Millett 2006). Attrition rates of underrepresented populations have been reported at higher rates across disciplines (Council of Graduate Schools 2004), pointing to a disparate experience for these students. Socialization has been shown to be a determining factor in doctoral student success and retention (Turner and Thompson 1993) while not necessarily reflecting how the socialization experience differs by disciplinary and institutional contexts. Through this qualitative study I sought to understand the effects of the socialization process upon doctoral student success and retention in the disciplines of chemistry and history at two institutions. Results highlighted a disparate experience for women, students of color, students with families, part-time students, and older students. Suggestions for policy, practice, and further research are included. Susan K. Gardner  received her Ph.D. in Higher Education from Washington State University and is currently Assistant Professor of Higher Education at the University of Maine in Orono. Her research interests include doctoral education, student development, and issues of social justice in higher education. She can be reached at susan.k.gardner@maine.edu.     

“I Heard it through the Grapevine”: Doctoral Student Socialization in Chemistry and History

Twenty doctoral students in the disciplines of chemistry and history were interviewed to better understand the socialization processes that influence their success and how these processes differ by year in the degree program and disciplinary culture. Five major themes emerged describing these socialization processes and how they facilitate or impede degree success, including Ambiguity, describing the programmatic guidelines and expectations that surrounded much of the students’ experience; Balance, pointing to the students’ need to balance graduate school responsibilities along with external relationships and demands; Independence, describing the students’ desire to find equilibrium as they transitioned to the role of independent scholar; Development, highlighting the significant cognitive, personal, and professional development that occurs in these students’ graduate experience; and Support, describing the faculty, peer, and financial support needed for the students’ success in their degree programs. Suggestions for policy, practice, and further research are discussed.     

试析美国博士生教育为学术职业发展准备的社会化活动

分析了美国博士生教育中学术职业社会化过程中存在若干问题,介绍了美国大学和校外机构为提高博士生学术职业社会化水平而开展的活动,并讨论了对中国博士生教育的启示.     

荷兰博士生教育：发展、特点与趋势

对荷兰博士生教育的研究显示,科学合理的遴选机制、系统有效的指导训练机制和强有力的物质保障机制构成了荷兰博士研究生教育创新发展的支撑,其呈现出国际化、分类型培养、AIO制度等特点。荷兰博士生教育改革仍在继续,呈现培养多元化、就业非学术化、组织形式高度国际化等趋势。     

A Comparison of Three-Step Approaches for Auxiliary Variables in Latent Class and Latent Profile Analysis

In this article, 3-step methods to include predictors and distal outcomes in commonly used mixture models are evaluated. Two Monte Carlo simulation studies were conducted to compare the pseudo class (PC), Vermunt’s (2010), and the Lanza, Tan, and Bray (LTB) 3-step approaches with respect to bias of parameter estimates in latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) models with auxiliary variables. For coefficients of predictors of class membership, results indicated that Vermunt’s method yielded more accurate estimates for LCA and LPA compared to the PC method. With distal outcomes of latent classes and latent profiles, the LTB method produced the lowest relative bias of coefficient estimates and Type I error rates close to nominal levels.     

心理测量理论的新进展：潜在分类模型

随着心理测量理论的发展,潜在分类模型越来越多地受到国外研究者的关注,它能够通过分析考生的作答过程来探讨其潜在能力倾向,改变了以总分来评判学生能力的传统评价模式。首先探讨了作为该类模型基础的规则空间模型,然后综述了近年来国外有关潜在分类模型的研究,最后对该模型的研究现状进行了评价并对未来发展进行了展望。     

Responsibilities of Special Educators in Rural Schools: A Latent Class Analysis

Despite the importance of special educators in the current era of educational reform, there is no overarching portrait of special educators' roles, especially in rural schools where the provision of services is especially challenging. Using latent class analysis and data from a national sample of rural school districts, we identified four distinct types of special educators and related their prevalence to key policy variables. Our findings provide a way of understanding the use of special educators in rural schools and current needs in special educator training. They also suggest means of studying special educators' roles more generally.     

英国博士学位论文答辩及其特点

英国博士教育沿袭精英教育传统而注重质量.以牛津大学和杜伦大学为案例,探讨英国博士学位论文答辩准备和答辩过程的严肃性与规范性.英国博士学位论文答辩,除了遵循博士学位论文答辩的基本要求外,还具有以下显著特点:答辩前可对答辩人进行辅导,官方组织和邀请教师与同学参加答辩人的模拟答辩;答辩委员会成员人数不多,但整个答辩持续时间较长;答辩人需要根据答辩委员的意见逐条修改论文,相关措施杜绝答辩流于形式.     

博士生招考方式改革:特征、论争与反思

通过梳理博士生招考方式改革之流变,指出历次改革所呈现的特征.在总结博士生招考方式改革论争的基础上,提出扩大招生单位及导师招考自主权、加强新闻舆论和法律监督、健全淘汰机制可能是博士生招考方式未来改革之方向.     

心理测量理论的新进展:潜在分类模型

认知诊断模型是新一代心理测量理论——认知诊断理论的核心。它可分为潜在特质模型和潜在分类模型两大类。其中,潜在分类模型主要用于分析被试的作答过程从而探讨被试的潜在知识结构,克服了CCT和IRT的缺陷,开创了教育与心理测量领域新的里程碑。本文首先介绍作为该类模型基础的规则空间模型,然后集中探讨在此基础上发展起来的较新的潜在分类模型,最后对这类模型进行了评价和展望。     

PROC LCA: A SAS Procedure for Latent Class Analysis

Latent class analysis (LCA) is a statistical method used to identify a set of discrete, mutually exclusive latent classes of individuals based on their responses to a set of observed categorical variables. In multiple-group LCA, both the measurement part and structural part of the model can vary across groups, and measurement invariance across groups can be empirically tested. LCA with covariates extends the model to include predictors of class membership. In this article, we introduce PROC LCA, a new SAS procedure for conducting LCA, multiple-group LCA, and LCA with covariates. The procedure is demonstrated using data on alcohol use behavior in a national sample of high school seniors.     

Latent Class Analysis in Higher Education: An Illustrative Example of Pluralistic Orientation

Although used frequently in related fields such as K-12 education research, educational psychology, sociology, and social survey research, latent class analysis (LCA) has been infrequently used in higher education. This article provides higher education researchers with a pedagogical application of LCA to classify entering freshmen based on their pluralistic orientation. This study utilized data on entering freshmen at a racially diverse institution on the West coast. LCA was used to estimate latent profile probabilities, classify freshmen into latent classes, and relate latent class probabilities to covariates. The findings indicated that a four-class model was the best fitting model: high pluralistic orientation; high-disposition, low-skill; low-disposition, high-skill; and low pluralistic orientation. Similar to previous research, the findings indicated that the probability of being classified into one group versus the other was dependent upon a student’s race/ethnicity and intended major. This approach can aid college administrators in their program planning and targeted interventions around issues of diversity.