浅议知识经济的属性

如果把知识经济定义为一个独立的，盈利的经济行业，那么它只能属于第三产业，它的盈利是第一，第二产业所创财富的再分配。如果把知识经济定义为一种劳动形式，那么知识经济时代确定来临，而且将在经济增长与社会生活中发挥越来越大的主导作用。     

Teachers' personal practical knowledge on the professional knowledge landscape

Though research on teaching has a long history, teacher knowledge research is relatively recent, mostly occurring in the 1980s and 1990s. Teacher knowledge research is part of a revolution in how educators think about classroom practice. In contrast to the concern for teacher characteristics and teaching/learning methods, the assumption in teacher knowledge research is that the most important area is what teachers know and how their knowing is expressed in teaching. There are several lines of such research. In this paper we describe one line of research focused on teachers' personal practical knowledge as it is developed and expressed on the professional knowledge landscape. In the paper we outline the methodology for undertaking this type of research. The methodology is illustrated by a case study of a teacher in China.     

论通识教育

理论不等于世界,理论的价值在于其与世界的同构度,人们利用它理解世界并创造世界。而知识分化裂解了世界,所以通识教育成为必要。通识教育旨在让学生了解多种学科的视角、方法以及表达方式,从而开阔视野、激发创造。要有效地实行通识教育,必须兼顾教学活动诸多环节,全面统筹,协调发展。     

Teacher knowledge and the knowledge base of teaching

In this chapter, the knowledge base of teaching is conceived as all profession-related insights, which are potentially relevant to a teacher's activities. From this perspective, it is argued that teacher knowledge, or teacher practical knowledge, should be included within this knowledge base, along with formal propositional knowledge. Although teacher knowledge is strongly related to individual experiences and contexts, there are elements of teacher knowledge that are shared by all teachers or large groups of teachers, for instance, all teachers who teach pupils of a certain age level. Investigating teacher knowledge to identify these common elements so as to do justice to its complex and specific nature can be problematic from a methodological point of view. To illustrate the potential benefits and limitations of research on teacher knowledge, the results from several studies are presented. A major conclusion from these studies is that an understanding of teacher knowledge may be useful to improve teacher education and to make educational innovations more successful. Finally, three areas of interest for future research are identified.     

Relationships between everyday knowledge and scientific knowledge: understanding how matter changes

This paper analyses the representations held by adolescents and university students in relation to the mechanism for explaining changes in matter (changes of state, dissolutions, expansions and chemical reactions) in terms of the kinetic theory. The answers to a questionnaire were analysed by considering the proportion of correct answers and the use of alternative conceptions. The results show that understanding of explanatory mechanisms of changes in matter is affected by age and instruction level and content of the problem. The main conception that competes with the kinetic model is the attribution to the particles of the changes observed, at a macroscopic level. This is more evident in changes of state and expansions than in other changes. This confusion results from a failure to differentiate properly between the represented reality and the model that represents it. In conclusion, analysis has shown once more students' difficulties in going beyond apparent reality or integrating the data obtained from it into the scientific models they learn at school.     

侗族鼓楼中的数学知识

鼓楼是侗族建筑的典型代表,它吸收各民族优秀文化的同时,又具有鲜明的侗民族建筑特色,通过对鼓楼的外观及其内部结构的探究,发现其中渗透着丰富的数学知识,这是人类的文明成果.     

实践性知识及职前教师实践性知识的建构

实践性知识是教师进行教育教学的方法论知识,具有情境性、实践性、机智性和内隐性、缄默性的特点。当前高师院校对职前教师实践性知识的建构还处于十分薄弱环节,为此,高师院校必须重视职前教师实践性知识的建构,注重实习、见习环节,改革课堂教学模式,注重情境教学,引导职前教师在反思和批判中逐步建构实践性知识。     

Reading knowledge of French

This article is based on research on Israeli social structure as it affects education, and was done with the cooperation of the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture and educational authorities of the Israeli kibbutzim (communal settlements).     

The case for orthographic knowledge

Scholes (1998) argues that phonemic awareness cannot be the driving force behind reading development, because this skill develops as a consequence of learning to read. Evidence is reviewed which supports the view that the role of phonemic awareness has been overstated, but it is clear that awareness of phonemes in spoken words does make some contribution to the development of word recognition skills. Scholes also argues that due to the irregularities of the English spelling system, a phonics approach to reading cannot work since it relies on knowing what the word is. This ignores the fact that there is a considerable amount of evidence that a phonics-based approach is a very effective way of teaching reading. Phonics is not a branch of phonetics – children can even ‘sound out’ irregular words and still obtain the correct pronunciation. They may activate words which look and sound like the target word – i.e. activate orthographic information – and select the most appropriate word using contextual information. Although, as Scholes argues, the ultimate purpose of reading is comprehension, the unskilled reader has to learn to recognise the building blocks of the sentence, i.e. words, and failure to capitalise on the alphabetic nature of English would make it as hard to learn to read as Chinese.     

以工作过程为知识储存图式的教学浅探——以《电视节目创作与制作》课程改革为例

《电视节目创作与制作》课程改革的最大特点是：将原命题网络的知识储存图式变成了以工作过程为学生的知识储存图式。实施一个学期后,课改效果明显,笔者对此进行了分析,认为对于本专业的学生而言,以工作过程为知识储存图式,有利于学生专业知识的结构化、陈述性知识的条件化、知识提取的自动化。     

University knowledge in an age of supercomplexity

For various reasons, it is becoming felt that the knowledge function of the university is being undermined. Some, indeed, have come to suggest that we are witnessing 'the end of knowledge' in higher education. The 'end of knowledge' thesis takes three forms. Substantively, it is felt that the knowledge sustained by the university has no particular status: it simply takes its place and its chances amid the proliferating knowledges that society has now to offer. Ideologically, it is felt that the knowledge for which the university stands lacks legitimacy: it can simply be understood as a set of language games of a rather privileged set of occupational groups ('academics') that reflects their interests and marginal standing to the rest of society. Procedurally, it is implied that the university can now only secure its future by becoming entrepreneurial and by marketing its knowledge wares in forms of academic capitalism; in the process, its knowledge becomes performative in character and loses its power to enlighten. Much of this analysis is correct – even as the theses cut across each other – butthe conclusion is wrong. The modern world is supercomplex in character: it can be understood as a milieu for the proliferation of frameworks by which we might understand the world, frameworks that are often competing with each other. In such an age of supercomplexity, the university has new knowledge functions: to add to supercomplexity by offering completely new frames of understanding (so compounding supercomplexity); to help us comprehend and make sense of the resulting knowledge mayhem; and to enable us to live purposefully amid supercomplexity. Knowledge, as a pure, objective reading of the world does have to be adandoned. But the university is not, thereby, delegitimised. In an age of supercomplexity, a new epistemology for the university awaits, one that is open, bold, engaging, accessible, and conscious of its own insecurity. It is an epistemology for living amid uncertainty.     

How teachers express their knowledge through narrative

The study we carried out deals with how teachers express their practical knowledge. The main objective was to classify how it is expressed, so that we can see its components, its limits, and how close it is to theoretical knowledge, understanding as such that which is based on research and aimed at explaining phenomena by looking for regular features.     

Powerful knowledge,esoteric knowledge,curriculum knowledge

This paper seeks to introduce a wider audience to a set of ideas developed by a group of sociologists of education who draw on Basil Bernstein’s late work on knowledge structures and whose epistemological stance is grounded in Social Realism. The paper’s main substantive focus is the concept of ‘powerful knowledge’ – recently popularised by Michael Young – and the implications of this notion for curriculum change. ‘Powerful knowledge’ connects with two other key ideas – ‘knowledge of the powerful’ and ‘esoteric knowledge’ – all of which have fed into recent debates about curriculum development and change. Various inter-connections between these ideas are examined. The paper concludes by identifying three chronic ‘tensions’ which impede efforts to extend powerful knowledge to socially and economically disadvantaged students.     

Curriculum,teaching and powerful knowledge

This paper examines the concept of ‘powerful knowledge’ and provides new perspectives on an important emergent theory for education. We claim that the key to attaining powerful knowledge is ‘epistemic access’ to the discipline, which is access of the generative principles of knowledge creation. We draw on 15 years teaching and researching a university science programme in which undergraduate ecology students are trained as researchers during the 3 years they attend university. Hence, there is close alignment between teaching students to do research and powerful knowledge. In addition, it has been suggested that the ‘power’ in powerful knowledge is realised in what is done with that knowledge, that its purpose is social since it allows the holder to make a better contribution to society. We argue that in addition to such an aspirational ‘outcome’, it can be part of the process of education and early acquisition of powerful knowledge can influence all subsequent formal and informal learning experiences as the student progresses though university. A model for powerful knowledge is presented in which there is the possibility of powerful action after graduation, but this remains in the theoretical realm while there is very little empirical evidence supporting such a hypothesis for ecology students. Powerful action also questions the limits of responsibility for a teacher.     

Globalisation,knowledge economy and comparative education

This paper seeks to introduce this special issue by setting out what seem to be some of the major theoretical and methodological issues raised for comparative education by the increasing prominence of the discourses of the knowledge economy, which, it is argued, represent a particularly strong version of globalisation and its possible relationships to education systems, and hence an especially acute challenge to comparative education. It focuses on the possible implications of these changes for each of the three elements of ‘national education system’. In terms of the ‘national’ it discusses the nature and consequences of methodological nationalism, and emphasises the emerging pluri‐scalar nature of the governance of education. In terms of ‘education’, it argues that education is now being asked to do different things in different ways, rather than the same things in different ways. In terms of ‘system’, it is suggested that the constitution of education sectors may be in the process of changing, with a development of parallel sectors at different scales with different responsibilities. Overall, the article suggests that we may be witnessing the development of a new functional, scalar and sectoral (non zero sum) division of the labour of educational governance. Finally, it addresses the question ‘what is now to be compared’ and considers the consequences for both ‘explaining’ and ‘learning’ through comparative education.     

Common sense: A form of teacher knowledge

This essay discusses an analytic construct - common sense knowledge - that might be helpful in empirical studies of teacher knowledge. I suggest that we consider whether teacher talk is common sense knowledge, in the sense that Geertz defines the term, and that if it is, that we take it seriously on its own terms and in context, rather than trying to 'fix' it.     

Challenges of knowledge production and knowledge use among researchers and policy-makers

The knowledge value chain has multiple stakeholders such as researchers and policy-makers. These are conventionally knowledge producers and knowledge users, respectively. Knowledge producers and knowledge users sometimes have conflicting interests, expectations, concerns, and priorities. To mitigate these differences, one of the strategies used is knowledge co-production. However, at times the knowledge co-production process demonstrates the implications of the adage that ‘knowledge is power’. The manifestations of power or powerlessness are demonstrated in knowledge production and knowledge use/consumption. This paper discusses the metamorphosis of research approaches during a project and the concomitant adjustment of power relations and stakeholder expectations regarding knowledge production and consumption in the VakaYiko Project. It employs theoretical approaches from conventional research, applied research and participatory action research to analyse the concomitant negotiations for power. Power was demonstrated in decision-making with regard to how to undertake the study, composition of the research team, sampling of participants, and what to include/exclude in the research report. The data for this study were gathered through interviews with representatives of organisations that participated in the project and from the project research reports. The four key findings are that (1) the interface of knowledge producers and knowledge users is a site for the contestation of power because of competing priorities and lack of mutual understanding, (2) unresolved knowledge co-creation concerns inhibit the knowledge production process, (3) research uptake is not automatic; it is determined by several factors, and (4) project conceptualisation oversights translate to glitches at subsequent stages of the project.     

论"无知之知"--老子认识论思想新探

在先秦哲学中,老子率先把"道"的问题引入了认识论,这意味着把认识问题与本体论问题结合起来,从而把认识问题提升到形上学层次上来进行探讨.老子哲学以其否定性的形上学方法为其认识论的总体性方法,对什么是"真知"、如何获得"真知"等认识论基本问题提出了一系列新颖独特的看法,使其成为一种具有典型的东方文明特色的认识论体系.