Metabolic time-course response after resistance exercise: A metabolomics approach

This study analysed the time course of the global metabolic acute response after resistance exercise (RE), with the use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy. Ten young healthy males performed 4 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one-repetition maximum in the leg press and knee extension exercises and had the serum metabolome assessed at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min post-RE. Measurements were also performed 1 h earlier and immediately before the exercises, as an attempt to characterise each participant’s serum metabolome at rest. One-way ANOVA was applied and the significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. RE promoted an increase in 2-hydroxybutyrate, 2-oxoisocaproate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, alanine, hypoxanthine, lactate, pyruvate and succinate concentrations. However, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, ornithine and valine had their concentrations decreased post-RE compared with at rest. This is the first study to show significant changes in serum concentration of metabolites such as 2-oxoisocaproate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, lysine, hypoxanthine and pyruvate post-RE, attesting metabolomics as an interesting approach to advance in the understanding of global RE-induced metabolic changes. Moreover, the present data could influence the time point of blood collection in the future studies that aims to investigate metabolism and exercise.     

运动心脏的自身调节因素

建立不同类型运动心脏的实验动物模型,对心脏产生的内分泌激素进行放射免疫微量测定。结果显示,不同类型运动心脏均可以产生自身内分泌的适应性改变,但其内分泌激素的产生部位、释放水平、功能意义及调节作用存在差异,耐力型运动心脏内分泌激素主要产自心房,静力型运动心脏内分泌激素主要产自心室,循环血中心脏内分泌激素水平的改变以耐力训练较为显著。耐力型运动心脏内分泌改变对于增强心肌收缩性,增强心肌有氧能力,调节机体能量节省化状态和储备力有重要意义。静力型运动心脏内分泌改变则在调节自身结构增殖肥大上发挥作用。     

大负荷运动引起的大鼠心肌收缩力变化及其与心肌自由基、钙离子水平的关系

目的:获取大负荷跑台运动引起大鼠心肌收缩力动态性变化的信息,总结其变化特征,探讨其变化与心肌自由基、钙离子水平的关系。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为空白对照组(A组)、运动后即刻组(B组)、运动后3 h组(C组)与运动后24 h组(D组)。运动心力监测仪监测D组大鼠运动前与运动后不同时相的心力信号。测定血清cTnI浓度;测定心肌SOD活性、MDA含量与Ca2+浓度。结果:第一心音幅值在运动后即刻已有下降,随后连续多时相显著低于运动前水平,至运动后24 h时完全恢复。运动引起血清cTnI浓度显著升高,引起心肌SOD活性显著下降、MDA含量显著升高与Ca2+浓度显著升高;上述变化均以C组最明显。结论:大负荷运动引起大鼠心肌收缩力下降,以运动后恢复期最明显,但为可逆性;心肌收缩力下降可能与心肌自由基增多、钙超载有关。     

少年和成年业余长跑运动员急性耐力运动后心脏自主神经恢复观察研究

目的:观察少年和成年男子业余跑运动员一次急性耐力运动后心率变异(HRV)变化特征,并探讨运动后HRV变化生理学意义。方法:少年(14.4±1.3岁)与成年(25.7±2.8岁)受试者各10名,进行1次90min、强度为95%个体无氧阈强度跑台运动。在运动前、运动后15min以及运动后6h测定HRV。结果:运动后15min,TPLn、HFnu和HRV各时域指标明显低于运动前水平,LFnu和LF/HF显著升高;少年受试者HFnu降幅、LFnu和LF/HF升幅明显低于成年受试者(P<0.05)。运动后6h,HRV各指标均已恢复,其中,TPLn、SDNN、HFnu和RMSSD有反弹的迹象。运动后HFnu相对运动前的降幅与受试者年龄呈负相关关系(r=-0.645,P<0.01,n=20);另外,HFnu、TPLn相对运动前降低程度与运动前水平高度负相关(P<0.05,n=20)。结论:一次急性耐力运动后HRV出现短暂抑制现象,少年受试者运动后HRV降低幅度相对成年较低,可能与发育成熟度不同有关,急性运动后HRV变化可能是运动适应的生理表现。     

不同强度运动对大鼠冠状动脉CGRP、ET- 1 和NOS 表达的影响

目的:探讨运动对大鼠冠状动脉降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、内皮素(ET-1)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响.方法:健康雄性SD3月龄大鼠24只,分为安静对照组、小强度运动组和大强度运动组,运动组采用大鼠跑台运动方式,建立大鼠不同强度运动模型,运用免疫组织化学SABC法研究不同强度运动对大鼠冠状动脉CGRP、ET-1、神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)表达的影响.结果:与安静对照组比较,小强度运动组和大强度运动组CGRP、nNOS、iNOS和eNOS均显著性升高,小强度运动组ET-1显著降低,大强度运动组ET-1显著性升高.与小强度运动组比较,大强度运动组CGRP、ET-1、nNOS、iNOS和eNOS的表达变化均有显著性差异.小强度运动组和大强度运动组ET-1/CGRP和ET-1/NOS比值均低于安静对照组.结论:运动可引起大鼠冠状动脉CGRP、ET-1及NOS的表达变化,且与运动强度关系密切.因此认为,不同强度运动引起ET-1/CGRP和ET-1/NOS比值的变化可能是运动引起心血管生物功能改变的因素之一.     

Cardiovascular Fitness and Maximal Heart Rate Differences among Three Ethnic Groups

Abstract

The current study examines maximal heart rate and maximal treadmill time differences among three ethnic groups. In 1985, 1,047 city employees (572 male, 475 female) participated in a comprehensive health promotion program. Data were collected from a self-administered health and lifestyle questionnaire, maximal treadmill exercise stress test, and other clinical measures. The participants were divided into white male (n = 368), black male (n = 159), Mexican-American male (n = 45), white female (n = 256), black female (n = 189), and Mexican-American female (n = 30) subgroups based on self-reported ethnic identity. Univariate analyses revealed no significant differences in age-adjusted maximal heart rate or maximal treadmill time for males. Mean age-adjusted treadmill time for black females (478.0 ± 228.2 s) was significantly lower than for white (652.5 ± 227.7 s) and Mexican-American (594.5 ± 226.7 s) females (p <. 05). Mean age-adjusted maximal heart rate for black females (174.4 ± 12.4 beats/min) was significantly lower than for white (179.3 ± 13.4 beats/min) and Mexican-American (182.0 ± 13.5 beats/min) females (p < .05). Following adjustment for cardiovascular fitness level, that is, treadmill time, as well as age, these differences were no longer apparent. We concluded that the comparatively low maximal heart rate of black females may be partially explained by a significantly lower cardiovascular fitness level relative to white and Mexican-American females.     

有氧运动重塑大鼠左心室交感神经及其β-AR表征研究

目的探讨有氧运动对大鼠心脏交感神经和β-AR受体表达的影响。方法 3月龄雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠24只,随机分为2组:安静对照组(C)和有氧运动组(E)。跑台训练方式建立大鼠有氧运动模型,多导生理记录仪测试大鼠血流动力学指标,免疫组化SABC和Western Blot法观察测试心脏交感神经和β-AR受体3个亚型的分布和表达情况。结果有氧运动可显著降低大鼠心率(HR)和左室末期舒张压(LVEDP),显著性升高左室内压峰值(LVSP)和左室内压最大上升速率(±dP/dt max);有氧运动可显著增加大鼠左心室交感神经分布,促进交感神经新生,显著增加β1-AR密度;显著降低β3-AR密度。结论有氧运动提升心功能与交感神经适度增生、心肌细胞β1-AR上调和β3-AR下调表达关系密切。     

Repeated high-intensity exercise in professional rugby union

The aim of the present study was to describe the frequency, duration, and nature of repeated high-intensity exercise in Super 14 rugby union. Time-motion analysis was used during seven competition matches over the 2008 and 2009 Super 14 seasons; five players from each of four positional groups (front row forwards, back row forwards, inside backs, and outside backs) were assessed (20 players in total). A repeated high-intensity exercise bout was considered to involve three or more sprints, and/or tackles and/or scrum/ruck/maul activities within 21 s during the same passage of play. The range of repeated high-intensity exercise bouts for each group in a match was as follows: 11-18 for front row forwards, 11-21 for back row forwards, 13-18 for inside backs, and 2-11 for outside backs. The durations of the most intense repeated high-intensity exercise bouts for each position ranged from 53 s to 165 s and the minimum recovery periods between repeated high-intensity exercise bouts ranged from 25 s for the back row forwards to 64 s for the front row forwards. The present results show that repeated high-intensity exercise bouts vary in duration and activities relative to position but all players in a game will average at least 10 changes in activity in the most demanding bouts and complete at least one tackle and two sprints. The most intense periods of activity are likely to last as long as 120 s and as little as 25 s recovery may separate consecutive repeated high-intensity exercise bouts. The present findings can be used by coaches to prepare their players for the most demanding passages of play likely to be experienced in elite rugby union.     

甘草黄酮对大强度耐力运动大鼠肾脏组织Ca2＋、Mg2＋-ATPase及Bax，Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨甘草黄酮对大强度耐力运动大鼠肾脏组织Ca2＋、Mg2＋-ATPase及Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响。方法：选取SD雄性健康大鼠24只,随机分为安静组、大强度运动组和运动加药组;采用跑台训练6周后取材,应用试剂盒和免疫组织化学法测检测各组大鼠肾脏组织Ca2＋、Mg2＋-TPase活性及Bax和Bcl-2表达的变化。结果：与安静对照组相比,大强度运动组和运动加药组’肾脏组织Ca2＋、Mg2＋-TPase活性均呈非常显著性下降（P〈0．01）;其中运动加药组Ca2＋、Mg2＋-TPase活性均较大强度运动组具有非常显著差异性提高（P〈0．01）;大强度耐力运动组和运动加药组大鼠细胞凋亡指数AI均有不同程度增加;大强度运动组Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达（MOD）均呈非常显著差异性（P〈0．01）,运动加药组Bax蛋白表达（MOD）均呈非常显著差异性（P〈0．01）;运动加药组Bcl-2蛋白表达（MOD）与大强度运动组具有非常显著差异性（P〈0．01）;大强度运动组和运动加药组Bax／Bcl-2比值分布呈不同程度的显著差异性（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：甘草黄酮能够增强对大强度运动大鼠抗氧化能力,降低肾脏组织自由基的产生,抑制组织细胞的凋亡。     

耐力训练对SD大鼠氧化应激及MAPK~(ERK1/2)的影响

研究目的:对运动,氧化应激及MAPK信号系统的关系做深入研究,以期从分子生物的角度阐明它们之间的联系机制.研究方法:选用健康雌性SD大鼠,自制动物运动跑台,将选出大鼠随机分安静组(对照组),耐力训练组,急性运动组.运动后即刻处死,取左腿腓肠肌,透射电镜观察线粒体,羟胺法测定SOD活性,硫代巴比妥法测MDA含量,放免法测血清雌二醇含量,RT-PCR测ERK1/2mRNA表达.结果:6周训练后,急性运动组有少量线粒体出现肿胀和空泡状;急性运动组雌二醇水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05);训练组大鼠SOD酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),急性运动组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);耐力训练组和急性运动组大鼠MDA含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);训练组和急性组大鼠ERK1/2 mRNA表达均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:1)中等强度耐力训练后机体氧化还原系统达到平衡,线粒体基本没有破坏,雌激素水平没有变化,中等强度运动本身可能发挥抗氧化剂作用;2)耐力训练和急性运动均可激活ERK1/2信号通路,但两者之间ERK1/2mRNA表达没有显著性差异,ERK1/2基因表达不受运动强度影响.     

螺旋藻复方对递增大负荷运动小鼠肝脏、心肌、骨骼肌的保护作用和HSP_(70)表达的关系

目的:研究螺旋藻复方对递增大负荷运动小鼠肝脏、心肌、骨骼肌的保护作用和HSP70表达的关系。方法:用光学显微镜和电子显微镜分别观察递增大负荷运动和递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方对小鼠心肌、骨骼肌和肝组织的形态学影响。用免疫组化法(SP法)研究适量运动、递增大负荷运动、适量运动 螺旋藻复方和递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方对小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞的HSP70蛋白表达的变化。结果:在光镜下,递增大负荷运动组小鼠心肌、骨骼肌和肝细胞出现了不同程度的水肿、变性和坏死。在电镜下,可见肌原纤维断裂、细胞肿胀、线粒体肿胀,空泡样变和细胞核核质溶解,可见凋亡小体。而递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方组小鼠心肌、骨骼肌和肝脏的病变程度明显减轻。运动各组小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞HSP70表达均显著高于正常组(P<0.01),适量运动 螺旋藻复方组小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞HSP70表达均高于适量运动组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方组小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞HSP70表达均低于递增大负荷运动组(P<0.01或P<0.05),但与适量运动 螺旋藻复方组比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:螺旋藻复方能抵抗递增大负荷运动导致的组织细胞损伤,其分子机理与该方提高运动诱导HSP70表达水     

Exercise-induced hypoalgesia: Pain tolerance,preference and tolerance for exercise intensity,and physiological correlates following dynamic circuit resistance exercise

Previous research has demonstrated significant decreases in pain perception in healthy individuals following both aerobic and upper body resistance exercise, but research on circuit training has been limited. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of a strenuous bout of dynamic circuit resistance exercise on pain threshold and pain tolerance in conjunction with changes in blood lactate levels, heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion. A sample of 24 college-age students participated in 2 sessions: (1) a maximal strength testing session and (2) a circuit training bout of exercise that consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions with a 1:1 work to rest ratio at 60% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) predicted from a three-repetition maximum (3-RM) for 9 exercises. Participants exhibited increases in pain tolerance, blood lactate levels, HR and perceived exertion following resistance exercise. Preference for exercise intensity was positively correlated with lactate post exercise and tolerance for exercise intensity was positively correlated with pain tolerance and lactate post exercise. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate increases in pain tolerance following a dynamic circuit resistance exercise protocol and disposition for exercise intensity may influence lactate and pain responses to circuit resistance exercise.     

女贞子提取物对大鼠心肌的保护作用及对运动能力的影响

目的:通过女贞子提取物对大强度耐力训练大鼠心肌的保护作用,探讨女贞子提取物对大鼠运动能力影响的机制。方法:24只SD大鼠随机分安静组、运动组和运动+女贞子组,每组8只。运动组进行6周大强度跑台训练,运动+女贞子组除大强度跑台训练外,每天灌服400 mg/kg女贞子提取物,体积为2 ml。安静组和训练对照组灌胃同体积0.5%Tween-80溶液。6周后安静组在安静时、运动组和运动+女贞子组进行一次力竭性运动后取材,测定心肌抗氧化酶SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性和GSH、MDA含量。结果:运动+女贞子组大鼠心肌抗氧化酶活性与运动组比较均有显著升高(P<0.05),GSH含量显著高于运动组(P<0.05),MDA含量显著低于运动组(P<0.05),血清AST/GOT活性低于运动组(P<0.05),运动至力竭的时间明显延长。结论:补充女贞子提取物可以调节大鼠心肌中抗氧化酶活性,对心肌有很好的保护作用,防止氧损伤,维护心脏的正常结构和功能,提高运动能力。     

板鞋运动对心脏机能影响的实验研究

本研究的实验对象为板鞋运动员与非板鞋运动员的心率,通过台阶实验来测试板鞋运动员与非板鞋运动员的心率,得出不同组别受试者的心率,利用统计学的原理,计算出他们运动前后之间的差异性,结果显示:1.无论是男生还是女生,运动前还是运动后,板鞋受试者的平均心率都是比普通受试者的低。2.男生运动前心率没有显著性差异性,运动后有显著差异。女生运动前心率有显著差异,运动后没有显著差异。由于样本量太小,其机制有待进一步深入研究。     

Repeated high-intensity exercise in professional rugby union

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to describe the frequency, duration, and nature of repeated high-intensity exercise in Super 14 rugby union. Time–motion analysis was used during seven competition matches over the 2008 and 2009 Super 14 seasons; five players from each of four positional groups (front row forwards, back row forwards, inside backs, and outside backs) were assessed (20 players in total). A repeated high-intensity exercise bout was considered to involve three or more sprints, and/or tackles and/or scrum/ruck/maul activities within 21 s during the same passage of play. The range of repeated high-intensity exercise bouts for each group in a match was as follows: 11–18 for front row forwards, 11–21 for back row forwards, 13–18 for inside backs, and 2–11 for outside backs. The durations of the most intense repeated high-intensity exercise bouts for each position ranged from 53 s to 165 s and the minimum recovery periods between repeated high-intensity exercise bouts ranged from 25 s for the back row forwards to 64 s for the front row forwards. The present results show that repeated high-intensity exercise bouts vary in duration and activities relative to position but all players in a game will average at least 10 changes in activity in the most demanding bouts and complete at least one tackle and two sprints. The most intense periods of activity are likely to last as long as 120 s and as little as 25 s recovery may separate consecutive repeated high-intensity exercise bouts. The present findings can be used by coaches to prepare their players for the most demanding passages of play likely to be experienced in elite rugby union.     

运动对C57BL/6小鼠心肌miRNA的影响及其在心脏肥大中的调节作用

目的:探讨不同运动对小鼠心脏形态结构及心肌微小RNA(miRNA)的影响,了解miRNA在运动性心脏肥大发生过程中基因转录后的调节作用。方法:C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为3组,每组8只,为安静对照组(C组)、一次性力竭运动组(E组)和8周耐力训练组(T组)。E组进行一次力竭性游泳运动;T组进行8周游泳训练,每周训练5天,前5周,每晚运动1次,后3周每天运动两次,间隔6h;第1周30min开始训练,每周增加10min直至90min,最后2周均维持在90min。最后1周通过超声心动图检测心脏结构。训练结束后48hT组取心肌,C组和力竭后的E组取心肌,使用荧光定量PCR检测miRNA-1、133、208a、499。结果:T组游泳训练明显提高了心室内径和心壁厚度,运动诱导产生心脏肥大。E组miRNA-1、miRNA-133a、miRNA-208a、miRNA-499表达全部显著性高于C组(P<0.01);T组不同miRNA表达有差异,与C组比较,miRNA-1、133a经历8周训练后显著性下降(P<0.01),而miRNA-208a显著性提高(P<0.05),但提高幅度不及力竭性运动。而T组miRNA-499相比C组升高并不显著。结论:8周游泳耐力训练可以诱导C57BL/6小鼠心肌肥大,力竭性游泳运动能提高miRNA表达,而耐力训练降低miRNA-1、133a表达同时提高了miRNA-208a、499的调节通路,miRNA的变化可能参与了心脏重塑的适应过程,有利于心肌肥大的形成。     

心肌梗塞患者康复早期适宜运动强度探讨

急性期后心肌梗塞病人(PMIP)进行适宜运动有利于机能的恢复及降低疾病复发率。通过对101名男性PMIP渐增负荷实验,测定和评价心脏康复早期的PMIP运动中的生理反应,为制定PMIP康复期运动处方提供适宜运动强度。结果表明:(1)PMIP应通过改变生活方式特别是改变饮食结构及参加体育运动来降低其BC的浓度;(2)康复初期的PMIP运动强度可被允许达到themodifiedBrucetreadmillprotocol的第三级或RPE13;(3)这一建议强度适用于大多数PMIP,有较广泛的使用价值。     

Predicting VO2max in College-Aged Participants Using Cycle Ergometry and Perceived Functional Ability

The purpose of this study was to develop a multiple linear regression model to predict treadmill VO_2max scores using both exercise and non-exercise data. One hundred five college-aged participants (53 male, 52 female) successfully completed a submaximal cycle ergometer test and a maximal graded exercise test on a motorized treadmill. The submaximal cycle protocol required participants to achieve a steady-state heart rate equal to at least 70% of age-predicted maximum heart rate (220-age), while the maximal treadmill graded exercise test required participants to exercise to volitional fatigue. Relevant submaximal cycle ergometer test data included a mean (±SD) ending steady-state heart rate and ending workrate equal to 164.2 ± 13.0 bpm and 115.3 ± 27.0 watts, respectively. Relevant non-exercise data included a mean (±SD) body mass (kg), perceived functional ability score, and physical activity rating score of 74.2 ± 15.1, 15.7 ± 4.3, and 4.7 ± 2.1, respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to generate the following prediction of (R = .91, standard error of estimates (SEE) = 3.36 ml·kg^?1·min^?1): VO_2max = 54.513 + 9.752 (gender, 1 = male, 0 = female) – .297 (body mass, kg) + .739 (perceived functional ability, 2–26) + .077 (work rate, watts) – .072 (steady-state heart rate). Each predictor variable was statistically significant (p < .05) with beta weights for gender, body mass, perceived functional ability, exercise workrate, and steady-state heart rate equal to .594, –.544, .388, .305, and –.116, respectively. The predicted residual sums of squares (PRESS) statistics reflected minimal shrinkage (R_PRESS = .90, SEE_PRESS = 3.56 ml·kg^?1·min^?1) for the multiple linear regression model. In summary, the submaximal cycle ergometer protocol and accompanying prediction model yield relatively accurate VO_2max estimates in healthy college-aged participants using both exercise and non-exercise data.     

运动心脏实验研究 Ⅱ.耐力训练后大鼠心室肌超微结构及其形态计量学改变

为了探讨运动心脏机能改变的形态学基础,本文对经过耐力训练的实验大鼠心室肌及毛细血管超微结构进行了常规电镜观察和显微图象计量分析。结果表明,耐力训练后心室肌细胞中线粒体数量增多,线粒体内膜和嵴增多,心肌毛细血管数量增多,毛细血管内皮细胞功能结构增多,心肌细胞最大氧气弥散距离缩短,有利于心肌的氧气运输和能量代谢过程。     

血清肌酸激酶与骨骼肌损伤关系的探讨

研究目的在于对血清肌酸激酶与骨骼肌损伤之间的关系进行探讨。采用跑台一次性离心运动至力竭的动物模型,48只7周龄雌性大鼠随机分为安静对照组和运动后即刻、1、2、4和7天组,测定血清肌酸激酶活性,同时通过HE染色分析骨骼肌形态学损伤变化。结果显示血清肌酸激酶活性峰值出现在运动后即刻,运动后1天迅速下降。HE染色结果则表明离心运动后骨骼肌损伤呈现延迟性时相特点,在运动后第2天骨骼肌损伤范围达到最大。本实验表明血清肌酸激酶与骨骼肌损伤的变化趋势并不一致,血清肌酸激酶水平不能反映骨骼肌损伤。