教育对经济增长的贡献——理论与方法的演变及其启示

教育与经济增长的关系是教育经济学研究的一个经典问题,已有研究在教育如何作用于经济,教育对经济增长的贡献到底如何测量上一直存在较大的争议。中国作为一个后发追赶型的二元经济,四十多年的发展很难用西方经济学的某一理论解释,探讨教育与经济增长的关系需要建构统一的理论框架。基于新古典增长理论、新经济增长理论以及蔡昉、罗斯托的经济发展阶段理论,寻找各种理论与方法的内在逻辑及其存在的问题,结合中国改革开放四十多年发展的阶段特征,分析教育对经济增长的作用机制并尝试提出符合中国经济社会发展实际的教育对经济增长贡献的测量框架。一方面通过分阶段分产业分部门进行增长要素分析,基于作用机制分别测算教育提升生产过程劳动力质量的贡献,提升整个社会人力资本与知识水平的外部作用,提升技术创新的作用,提升技术吸收能力的作用以及在资本积累方面的贡献。另一方面借鉴舒尔茨的投资收益法,在分产业分部门的教育投资收益法基础上,通过加权的方式,计算各阶段中国教育对经济增长的贡献。另外,选择的教育指标能否实质性地捕捉到各个发展阶段的教育特征也是测算贡献的一个重要问题,人力资本指标的选择应该反映市场上不同时期对不同能力与技能的需求变化。     

“良知说”的主体性道德思想

"良知说"是王阳明心学思想体系的核心,它把道德基础从外在的天理内化到人的本心,凸现道德实践过程中的主体性、自觉性和能动性。致良知,从道德实践活动和道德修养的角度,体现着主体性道德精神。     

Sequential priming in visual search: Contributions of stimulus-driven facilitation and learned expectancies

Sequential priming refers to speeded visual search when target identity or location is repeated within a trial sequence. In two experiments with pigeons, we addressed the relative contributions of stimulus-driven factors and learned expectancies to this effect. Pigeons pecked at targets during trialwise presentations of visual-search displays. Random-sequence conditions minimized the role of expectancy by introducing same-target or same-location trial sequences unpredictably. Blocked-sequence conditions added predictability by regular repetition of target and/or location over trials. Intertrial interval varied from 0.5 to 3 sec. The findings revealed significant reductions in reaction time during predictable target or location sequences compared with unpredictable repetitions within random contexts. Stimulus-driven factors do not seem to have an important role in many instances of sequential priming. Expectancy-based priming of target and location followed similar patterns.     

The place of practical wisdom in science education: what can be learned from Aristotelian ethics and a virtue-based theory of knowledge

This conceptual paper aims to characterize science teachers’ practical knowledge utilizing a virtue-based theory of knowledge and the Aristotelian notion of phronesis/practical wisdom. The article argues that a greater understanding of the concept of phronesis and its relevance to science education would enrich our understandings of teacher knowledge, its development, and consequently models of teacher education. Views of teacher knowledge presented in this paper are informed by philosophical literature that questions normative views of knowledge and argues for a virtue-based epistemology rather than a belief-based one. The paper first outlines general features of phronesis/practical wisdom. Later, a virtue-based view of knowledge is described. A virtue-based view binds knowledge with moral concepts and suggests that knowledge development is motivated by intellectual virtues such as intellectual sobriety, perseverance, fairness, and humility. A virtue-based theory of knowledge gives prominence to the virtue of phronesis/practical wisdom, whose primary function is to mediate among virtues and theoretical knowledge into a line of action that serves human goods. The role of phronesis and its relevance to teaching science are explained accordingly. I also discuss differences among various characterizations of practical knowledge in science education and a virtue-based characterization. Finally, implications and further questions for teacher education are presented.     

Education research and the natural sciences: What can be learned from chaos theory?

This article explores some aspects of the relationship between education research and the natural sciences. It begins by pointing out that empirical or positivist science of the Modern era has had a powerful influence on the method and on the products of education research. From there the article moves to discuss the post modern sciences of the current era and speculative examples are given of the way they too may influence the method and the products of education research. In conclusion it is argued that this can and will occur as both education research and post modern science inhabit the same cultural and epistemological field.     

Lessons learned: towards a framework for integration of theory and practice in academic development

ABSTRACT

In this paper, I describe an approach to the integration of theory and practice at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational levels. The results of the research projects in which I have been involved over the last ten years are used to illustrate how these three levels have facilitated the identification of three tensions. These tensions together create a framework that can help academic developers better understand how to approach the challenges of advocating for the integration of higher education theory with academic practice in their own institutional environments, and how this integration is linked to existing higher education literature.     

The erosion of a method: examples from grounded theory

Since its original inception in the 1960s grounded theory has been widely used by many qualitative researchers. However, recently epistemologically different versions of grounded theory have been presented and this epistemological diversity among grounded theorists and the erosion of the method will be the major focus of this paper. The first section explores the question of what ‘erosion’ of grounded theory means for the practice of qualitative research and the epistemological assumptions embedded in different uses of grounded theory are discussed. Furthermore, three ways to use qualitative methods are conceptualized: epistemological, strategic and intuitive. Additionally, the first section describes the erosion that occurs when research methods are transferred from one epistemology to another. The second part of the paper raises the questions as to whether it is possible to transfer methods from one epistemological realm and theoretical stance to another one to do qualitative research situated therein and how the erosion of a method influences qualitative research. To elucidate these questions, examples will be drawn from grounded theory to illuminate the different uses of methods. Last, the authors ask why such a transfer would be attempted altogether. In this final part of the paper they discuss how grounded theory is used as a label, believing that much of the current popularization of grounded theory is based on power, privilege and authority.     

Complementary roles of care and behavioral control in classroom management: The self-determination theory perspective

This study examined how classroom management practices—care and behavioral control—were differentially associated with students’ engagement, misbehavior, and satisfaction with school, using a large representative sample of 3196 Grade 9 students from 117 classes in Singapore. Results of hierarchical linear modeling showed differential relations. After controlling for students’ gender and socioeconomic status, both care and behavioral control were positively related to student engagement. Moreover, behavioral control was a significant negative predictor of classroom misbehavior and care was a significant positive predictor of satisfaction with school. Our findings underscore the importance of blending care and behavioral control to achieve multiple goals of classroom management.     

传播媒介的演进及传播理论对教育教材的影响

教育是传递人类文明和传统的活动,有着其特定的和特殊的影响和作用,其作为人类文明传播的特殊形式,同样伴随着传播媒介的演进而有着一定的变化.教育传播的内容,要传递下去都需要负载于某种媒介,才能被受者接受和理解.因此,我们研究传播媒介历史的演进有助于理解在教育传播中,教育传播内容的栽体一教材是如何演变的.     

基于行为财务理论的投资时机研究

行为财务理论基于投资者有限理性假设,认为其投资时机的选择往往会系统性地偏离最优决策模式,而代表性启发式认知偏差是其中的原因之一。手热效应与赌徒谬误效应是人们启发式认知判断的结果,都对投资者决策时机的选择具有十分显著的影响,但它们发生效应的情境具有适应性。在持续盈利的情境下手热效应大干赌徒谬误效应,而在持续亏损的情境下赌徒谬误效应大于手热效应。