Premiums,announcement returns and desperation in high tech mergers: A growth options analysis

We examine the announcements of high tech mergers using a relatively new proxy for growth options we call “growth to book.” We find this adds significantly to help explain the premiums paid and announcement period abnormal returns when acquiring tech targets. Higher synergies are expected by managers and investors when targets have low growth options and acquirers have high growth options, resulting in higher premiums paid and either less negative or more positive abnormal returns. However, we find significant variation in the results by the relative size of the target and when low growth to book (GTB) firms acquire. While high GTB acquirers tend to pay more in premiums, low GTB acquirers can pay higher premiums and receive some of the most negative returns at announcement. We find evidence some acquisitions are motivated by desperation as these acquirers have the lowest GTB and do a disproportionate number of the relatively largest deals, receiving the worst abnormal returns at announcement.     

基于进化博弈的高技术企业并购定价策略研究

在高技术企业并购浪潮下,为有效提升并购效率,提高企业并购收益,引入进化博弈理论,对高技术企业的并购定价策略进行研究。研究发现,高技术企业的并购中,主并企业的吸收能力将有效提升其平均期望收益;并购双方向接受策略进化受并购双方谈判破裂发生概率、报价以及目标公司对自身的估值影响;通过进化博弈推导出主并企业报价策略,当主并企业不断学习了解目标公司信息并根据报价策略进行报价时,并购效率和收益将能有效提升。     

Do high technology acquirers become more innovative?

Drawing on organizational, managerial and financial theories, we explore whether acquirers become more innovative and the factors that can enhance their absorptive and financial capacity to benefit from acquisition. Over a 3-year post-acquisition window, our sample of 2624 high technology US acquisitions records early reverses followed by positive R&D-intensity changes and insignificant R&D productivity changes. Controlling for acquisition endogeneity and deal-specific effects, significant acquirer characteristic effects emerge. In related acquisitions, a large knowledge base tends to increase R&D productivity, consistent with an enhanced capacity to select and absorb targets. In unrelated acquisitions, however, this relationship becomes increasingly negative as knowledge base concentration increases, consistent with arguments for an impaired peripheral vision and core rigidities. High leverage levels raise R&D productivity gains, consistent with enhanced monitoring induced efficiency. However, high leverage growth reduces R&D-intensity, consistent with increased financial constraints and short-termism.     

创新补贴对企业技术并购后研发投入的影响机理研究

技术并购后,企业需要通过研发活动促进技术的吸收和整合,但研发资金却常常受到由于并购导致的未来现金流不确定性的制约。这时,创新补贴可能成为企业弥补资金不足的必要补充。论文以主并企业为A股上市公司的技术并购事件为样本,运用回归分析的方法,探究了创新补贴对并购后研发投入强度的影响机理。结果表明,税收优惠对企业技术并购后的研发投入强度有显著的直接激励效应;财政补贴则是通过降低金融错配对研发投入的抑制作用间接地发挥激励作用。研究结论丰富了吸收能力理论,为政府的创新补贴制度安排以及企业的技术并购决策提供参考。     

Technology R&D alliances and firm value

This article empirically examines the market reaction to the announcement of an information technology research and development (ITR&D) strategic alliance. Strategic alliances are typically hypothesized to add value to the partnering firms since they provide similar benefits as a merger or acquisition with increased flexibility. However, unlike the extensive research into the market response to mergers and acquisitions, scant empirical evidence exists on the valuation impact of strategic alliances and the evidence that does exist is mixed. This study extends prior research by focusing solely on ITR&D alliances and by controlling for a previously documented size effect. We find a significant positive abnormal return surrounding the announcement of information technology alliances. Further analysis reveals that this result is not related to the relative size of the partner. This last result is in contrast to prior research that argues that strategic alliances result in an asymmetric gain benefiting the smaller partner more than the larger partner in the alliance.     

基于企业生命周期的高新技术企业价值评估方法研究

随着社会的高速发展,高新技术企业的IPO定价、增资扩股以及企业之间的价值投资、并购等经济活动日益频繁,对企业价值评估的需求也越来越大。不同生命周期阶段的企业价值驱动因素不同,使得企业价值与企业的生命周期息息相关。高新技术企业的生命周期较为明显,为了使其价值评估的结果更加准确,根据其所处的生命周期阶段选择相应的评估方法具有重要的研究价值。通过对高新技术企业不同生命周期阶段的特征进行分析,运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法给出不同生命周期阶段的划分方法,并针对不同的生命周期阶段研究合适的价值评估方法,为如何界定高新技术企业所处的生命周期阶段以及更加合理准确的评估高新技术企业的价值提供了依据。     

Acquiring new knowledge: The role of retaining human capital in acquisitions of high-tech firms

Many acquisitions of high-tech firms are motivated by the acquirers' desire to enhance their strategic technological capabilities. However, these capabilities are likely to be embedded to a large degree in the tacit and socially complex knowledge of the acquired firms' individual and collective human capital. This presents a dilemma for acquirers because, unlike tangible or financial assets, the acquired firms' valuable human assets cannot be purchased or owned outright and they can leave the firm at any time. Retention therefore is likely to be of central importance during acquisition implementation in knowledge-intensive firms. Using data from a sample of acquisitions in high-technology industries, the results of this study confirm that retention of specific types of human capital is critical for determining the success of the acquirers' efforts to gain valuable new technological capabilities. Applying the theory of relative standing to predict post-acquisition retention, we find that autonomy, status, and commitment significantly affect retention, but economic incentives do not. We discuss and integrate these results in the context of knowledge-based views of the firm and the existing literature on acquisition implementation.     

Sourcing technological knowledge through corporate acquisition: Evidence from an international sample of high technology firms

We investigate the prevalence of the motive to source technological knowledge externally through corporate acquisition. Drawing on make-or-buy and organizational learning theories, we infer the implications of this explanation for the acquirers' pre-acquisition innovative characteristics. Using an international sample of 6106 high technology acquisitions during 1984–2000, we assess the contribution of innovative characteristics to the acquisition likelihood. For firms acquiring small private firms and former subsidiaries—but not public targets—the evidence is consistent with three propositions: (1) A firm's commitment to internal R&D is negatively affected by the decision to acquire; (2) Low R&D productivity increases the likelihood of acquisition; (3) A large knowledge stock predisposes firms to acquire because they perceive they are capable of selecting and absorbing targets. We conclude that acquisitions of small private firms and former subsidiaries are a viable R&D strategy to explore a range of potential future innovation trajectories for large public firms.     

Post-acquisition integrative versus independent innovation: A story of dueling success factors

Technological acquisitions have become a popular complement to internal innovation in order to overcome the time-compression diseconomies of internal innovation. As such, acquisition success greatly depends on the expeditious leveraging of target knowledge. Confounding our understanding of leveraging target knowledge is that targets play two distinct innovative roles post-acquisition: conduct innovative activities in conjunction with acquirers (integrative innovation) and continue innovative activities independent of acquirers (independent innovation). To understand how factors differentially affect these two types of innovation, I connect two disparate concepts: relative absorptive capacity and selective intervention. I develop theory and find evidence that while relative absorptive capacity creates the communication capabilities that accelerate integrative innovation, it simultaneously deteriorates the information asymmetries between targets and acquirers leading to greater opportunities for acquirer intervention into target innovative activities that delay independent innovation.     

High-tech acquirers and the moderating role of corporate governance

In this article, we examine the role of corporate governance for improving the perception of Merger & Acquisition (M&A) transactions in the high-tech sector. Based on a sample of transactions initiated by listed French firms, we analyse the impact of corporate governance on the short-term performance of acquisitions. We demonstrate that high-tech firms which are considered to have good governance achieve significantly higher returns. These results are further confirmed when we look exclusively at diversification transactions. In addition, these firms particularly perform better than firms with good governance in other sectors of activity. On the other hand, high-tech firms which are considered to have weak governance perform less well. Lastly, it appears that the acquisition of small innovative companies will generate more value creation.     

我国上市公司技术并购绩效的实证研究

技术并购被越来越多的企业认为是实现技术跨越、提高自身核心竞争能力的手段。但目前人们对技术并购的绩效表现并不明确,本文对我国目前技术并购对企业绩效贡献进行了实证研究。文章以2000年到2005年上市公司的并购公告为基础,以其在公开信息披露中称获取某种技术为其并购的意图或意图之一为标准,并进行管理因素"噪音"和再并购因素"噪音"控制,最后选取由41个公司的并购事件组成的一个样本。采用ROA相对值和ROE相对值作为评价基础,对该值并购前一年、并购当年、并购后第一年和并购后第二年的变化进行假设检验。结果显示,技术并购并没有给主并企业的绩效带来普遍贡献。再结合频数分析和描述性统计,发现尽管技术并购的成功率不高,但获得成功的企业可以通过技术并购创造很高的效益。所以,提高技术并购的收益与效率是我国企业在这一领域工作的当务之急。     

新兴市场企业的技术追赶战略 —— 海外并购和高管海外经历的作用

海外并购一直被产业界作为进入东道国市场、或者获取战略资本的重要手段,尤其是近年来,中国企业越来越多的通过海外并购的方式对发达国家进行反向资本输入,其目的既为了获取海外市场,近年来更多的是为了获取先进的技术。同时,海归人才的回流也反向技术溢出的一个渠道。文章选取了深沪股市中81家上市公司从2005-2014年的海外并购数据作为样本,并收集了这些公司并购的专利申请数目,以及这些企业高管团队的信息建立模型。结果发现,对于新兴市场的企业而言,海外并购可以促进其技术创新绩效的显著提高,而且其拥有海外任职经历的高管团队能够显著促进企业海外并购后更好地将海外先进技术转移和融合,从而提升新兴企业在海外并购后的技术创新能力。     

后金融危机环境下科技金融前路的探索与思考

当前科技型中小企业在发展过程中面临着一个重要的问题,即融资问题,尤其是在金融危机之后的后金融危机时代银行更加注重风险控制的背景下,我国科技型中小企业融资显得更加困难。虽然一些创新性的融资方式例如知识产权质押等被逐步应用到科技型中小企业融资实践之中,但是这些创新性的融资方式仍然未能较好地解决融资难问题。鉴于此,本文对后金融危机时代科技型中小企业融资问题进行了深入的探究与思考。     

公共与私人投入对高新技术产业发展的影响

高新技术产业的发展受到技术生命周期、投资规模、投资风险等因素的综合影响。在信息化社会,处理好公共与私人投入的关系对高新技术产业的发展尤为重要。分析了公共与私人投入对高新技术产业的影响。为了对它们之间的关系进行探讨,引入了社会回报率概念,认为政府投入应该重视技术的“溢出”效应,合理刺激企业对高新技术产业的投入。     

中央银行重复调运协调机制的有效性研究

   在人民币发行与流通管理中,激励商业银行等私营金融机构履行其全额清分义务,减少重复调运有利于缓解中央银行在现金发行与清分处理上的成本压力。本文基于人民币现金闭环供应链框架,构建了商业银行的现金运行成本模型,分析了不同类型的商业银行在弹性罚款机制下现金清分与调运的最优策略,证明了该罚款机制能够激励商业银行对回笼现金进行全额清分,且对不同存取业务的银行具有奖励与惩罚双重作用。通过数值算例,深入讨论了弹性罚款机制对商业银行的重复调运量和现金运行成本的影响效果。研究结果表明：在弹性循环罚款和央行现行的代理发行库的双重机制下,商业银行重复调运量的降低幅度随单位押运成本的增加而增加,随现金保管价格和私人清分价格的降低而增加。对商业银行的现金运行成本的影响效果与央行清分服务价格同向变化,与代理发行库现金保管价格和私人清分价格成反向关系。     

多任务目标条件下商业银行激励契约优化研究

随着公司治理机制的不断完善,除股东利益最大化和控制风险保证商业银行的稳定之外,对债权人利益以及全社会福利的保护也成为了商业银行高管的任务之一。更多的任务目标条件导致激励契约也更为复杂。在委托代理框架下,进一步分析商业银行委托代理关系与高管所承担的任务内容,基于此在Holmstrom-Milgrom模型框架下建立多任务商业银行高管激励契约并求出满足最优解的条件。分析可得当我国监管部门和社会公众无法提供最优激励时,管理层会愈发追求绩效来保证产出,进而减少在风险控制和承担社会责任上的努力。长期来看,若管理层欲获得最优激励,就必须保证对社会责任的努力是稳定持续的。     

税收优惠新政下高新技术企业研发费用会计核算优化研究——以J公司为例

首先,从新政实施对研发费用会计核算的影响以及新政下高新技术企业会计核算存在问题进行分析;其次,为高新技术企业设计研发费用会计核算优化方案;最后,结合J公司研发活动,详细说明优化方案的应用操作,为高新技术企业核算研发费用和税收优惠申报提供借鉴与启示。     

Does public R&D funding crowd-in private R&D investment? Evidence from military R&D expenditures for US states

Defense R&D represents the largest component of US public R&D spending and historically has promoted a wide range of civilian innovations. However, the empirical evidence on the impact of defense R&D is scant and it does not provide conclusive results on the possible crowding-in (-out) effects on private R&D investment. Exploiting a longitudinal dataset linking public R&D obligations to private R&D expenditures for US states, we investigate the impact of defense R&D on privately-financed R&D. To address potential endogeneity in the allocation of funds, we use an instrumental variable identification strategy leveraging the differential exposure of US states to national shocks in federal military R&D. We document considerable crowding-in effects with elasticities in the 0.11–0.14 range. These positive effects extend also to the labor market, when focusing on employment in selected R&D intensive industries and especially for engineers.     

高新认定办法、研发操纵与企业技术创新效率

基于2008-2017年中国高新技术上市公司的创新数据,从“达标型”和“避税型”研发操纵这一新视角,研究了高新认定办法对企业技术创新效率的影响。实证结果表明：高新认定激励了企业技术创新效率,而两类研发操纵抑制了这种激励效应;达标型研发操纵集中在高新认定初审阶段,且高新开发区以外、销售收入较高的企业更显著;避税型研发操纵集中在高新认定复审阶段,且高新开发区以内、销售收入较低的企业更显著。本文为高新认定办法提供了政策建议。     

Understanding the impact of commercialization on public support for scientific research: is it about the funding source or the organization conducting the research

This research examines the influence of commercialization on support for scientific research. It compares the effects of the funding source with the type of organization on public support for stem cell research. Using a national Australian telephone survey (n = 1000), the results reveal that support drops significantly when scientific research is funded by private rather than public interests, and even more so when it is conducted in a private company rather than a public university. Respondents' preference for university research was enhanced if they trusted universities, distrusted major companies and believed that the research would be beneficial. A preference for public funding was also associated with lower trust in companies and a belief that the research would benefit people. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the challenge of maintaining public support in an increasingly commercialized research environment.