Self-confidence and the re-entry experience for North American women

Seven themes emerged in a review of the literatureregarding the experience of North American re-entrywomen. The two most salient appeared to be linked tothe concept of transitions in adulthood and issuesrelated to self-confidence. The other five themes,sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, diverse careerpatterns, multiple roles, and the search for meaning,related to issues that are important in the careerdevelopment of women. These themes are discussed interms of their potential impact on women returning towork or to school. The article concludes withsuggestions for counselling, further research, andtheory development that more accurately reflects theexperience of women.     

Career Guidance and Counselling for Youth: What Adolescents and Young Adults are Telling Us

The area of career guidance and counselling for youth is undergoing rapid change in light of evolving expectations of young people as members of society and rapidly changing educational and career opportunities. This article summarizes previous research describing the perspectives of adolescents and young adults, and concludes that there is a need to re-examine the assumptions underlying career advising, guidance, and counselling programs offered to young people; and also to re-develop these services to better reflect current economic, career, and social realities.     

Shifting economic boundaries in Europe and North America: Implications for counseling

In Europe and in North America, the creation of new economic alliances that are boundary free for corporations and workers in the nations involved will stimulate new needs for counseling. Planning for counseling to deal with the individual needs caused by economic boundary shifting should encompass two broad themes: (1) the likely psychological dynamics of boundary changing; and (2) the possible effects of boundary changing on the structure and choice of and planning for occupations.As economic structures change, counselors and counseling will need to address the resulting transformations of the psychological environments, the sets of behavioral expectations, the national mythologies and social metaphors in which persons negotiate their identities, find their sources of self-validation and pursue a career. The counselors will need to be prepared to deal with the stresses and anxieties that accompany such change as well as the threats to cultural identity that accompany worker migration from nations of origin. Assisting workers to deal with evolving skill requirements from new technologies, cultural transitions, retraining, underemployment, and unemployment will become increasingly important aspects of the counselor's agenda.The Pennsylvania State University and The University of British Columbia     

Erratum to: Middle School Engagement with Mathematics Software and Later Interest and Self-Efficacy for STEM Careers

Journal of Science Education and Technology -     

Impact of the School Environment on Medical Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Wide Register Data Study of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most heritable psychiatric childhood disorders, social and gene–environment interactions seemingly play an important role in the etiology of ADHD. Consistent with this, this study finds that School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) reduced the likelihood of pharmacotherapeutic treatment for ADHD at age 14–16 by 12%, using population-wide Norwegian register data and a difference-in-difference design (N = 698,364, birth cohorts 1990–2002, 48.7% girls, 5.7% immigrant background). At-risk students in schools with high fidelity of implementation are driving these intervention effects. Overall, the findings indicate that children with a genetic disposition for ADHD are more likely to avoid medical treatment in an organized and predictable school setting with a focus on positive reinforcement.     

Gender and culture: Reported problems,coping strategies and selected helpers of male and female adolescents in 17 countries

This is the second report of a multinational project undertaken in 1988 by the International Round Table for the Advancement of Counseling that sought, among other things, to compare and contrast the reported problems, coping strategies, and help-seeking behavior of 2129 male and 2307 female adolescents from a total of three different socioeconomic backgrounds in each of 16 countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan Kuwait, the Netherlands, the Philippines, China, Puerto Rico, Turkey, the US, and Venezuela) and from a "classless" background in Russia. The first report described the study and research methodology and cited preliminary findings that 1) problems and coping strategies tended to be universal and age-related; 2) impoverished subjects from Brazil, India, the Philippines, and Venezuela had more problems than any other adolescents; 3) problems were usually related to school, family, and identity rather than to sexuality; and 4) the most common coping strategy was individual problem-solving. This report compares male/female identification of up to three problems that cause worry, response to such problems, and help-seeking behavior. All adolescents cited problems in school, identity, and family. Males and females reported similar coping strategies and showed a strong dependence on individual coping strategies. Both males and females choose personal friends and family members as those most likely to help with problems. Males exhibited a higher percentage of problems related to school and a lower percentage of family problems. Russian adolescents reported more problems relating to altruism than any other group, especially males. These results imply that strong similarities exist for males and females, and the findings are worrisome in that problems related to sexuality were not cited. Counselors should expect the concerns of adolescents to be developmentally related and to overwhelm gender differences.