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211.
212.
The extraordinary romance and thrilling adventure associated with the tale of wootz steel shows how Indian metallurgists were
the world leaders in antiquity in the manufacture of this legendary high-grade steel. In many ways this material was brought
to global attention by the writings of Cyril Stanley Smith. Modern metallurgy and materials science rest on the foundation
built by the study of this steel during the past three centuries. 相似文献
213.
Kok-Aun?TohEmail author Boon-Tiong?Ho Joseph?P.?Riley Yin-Kiong?Hoh 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2006,5(3):187-194
The moulding of the future of a nation depends on the teachers and the education they provide in schools. Research evidence
from the US. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) confirms this to be the case. Quantitative analysis of data
indicates that measures associated with pre-service teacher preparation are by far the strongest correlates of student achievement
(Darling-Hammond 2000). The research report of Wilson, Floden, and Ferrini-Mundy (2001) also suggests a strong relationship
between teacher preparation and teacher effectiveness. Other research studies similarly indicate that differences in teacher
quality are the most crucial for student achievement when compared with variables such as class size, streaming, or the amount
of homework (Anderson & Helms 2001; Mendro 1998; Powell & Anderson 2002; Rivkin, Hanushek & Kain 2001; Saunders & Horn 1994;
Strong & Tucker 2000) as possible contributory factors. In the pursuit of improved student achievement, we therefore need
to examine seriously the role of teacher variables, ranging from teacher qualifications and their subject matter knowledge,
to what motivates them to take up teaching as a career and as a consequence, how they teach in classrooms. 相似文献
214.
Interviews with Japanese public school educators allow a distinctive view of how the continuing economic decline in Japan has affected educational motivation and decision-making among students and parents. The nature of socioeconomic stratification within Japanese educational opportunity is seen as a continuing situation exacerbated by the costs of education in a context of chronic economic uncertainty. 相似文献
215.
Galef BG 《Learning & behavior》2004,32(1):53-61
I review literature on four different approaches to the study of traditions in animals: observation of free-living animals,
laboratory experiment, armchair analysis, and field experiment. Because, by definition, a tradition entails social learning
of some kind, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to establish that a behavior is in fact traditional without knowledge of
how it develops. Observations of free-living animals often provide strong circumstantial evidence of a tradition. However,
even in the view of several researchers who have studied possibly traditional behaviors in natural populations, observation
alone has not proven sufficient to show that social learning contributes to development of behaviors of interest. The relevance
of laboratory experiments to the understanding of the development of behaviors in free-living animals is always open to challenge.
Armchair analyses of field data can produce interesting hypotheses but cannot test them. Field experiments to determine how
behaviors of interest develop in population members provide a promising way forward. 相似文献
216.
The separation of variables method was successfully, used to resolve the spherically symmetric dynamic thermoelastic problem
for a spherically isotropic elastic hollow sphere. Use of the integral transform can be avoided by means of this method, which
is also appropriate for an arbitrary thickness hollow sphere subjected to arbitrary thermal and mechanical loads. Numerical
results are presented to show the dynamic stress responses in the uniformly heated hollow spheres.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10172075, 10002016) 相似文献
217.
Mengwen?Liu Yi?FangEmail author Alexander?G.?Choulos Dae?Hoon?Park Xiaohua?Hu 《Information Retrieval》2017,20(6):575-605
Product reviews have become an important resource for customers before they make purchase decisions. However, the abundance of reviews makes it difficult for customers to digest them and make informed choices. In our study, we aim to help customers who want to quickly capture the main idea of a lengthy product review before they read the details. In contrast with existing work on review analysis and document summarization, we aim to retrieve a set of real-world user questions to summarize a review. In this way, users would know what questions a given review can address and they may further read the review only if they have similar questions about the product. Specifically, we design a two-stage approach which consists of question selection and question diversification. For question selection phase, we first employ probabilistic retrieval models to locate candidate questions that are relevant to a given review. A Recurrent Neural Network Encoder–Decoder is utilized to measure the “answerability” of questions to a review. We then design a set function to re-rank the questions with the goal of rewarding diversity in the final question set. The set function satisfies submodularity and monotonicity, which results in an efficient greedy algorithm of submodular optimization. Evaluation on product reviews from two categories shows that the proposed approach is effective for discovering meaningful questions that are representative of individual reviews. 相似文献
218.
Abstract. This study focuses on the source of reading problems of English as a second language learners at the high school level. The results indicate that while reading comprehension is impacted by level of receptive vocabulary knowledge, the ability to select and implement word-appropriate lexical inferencing strategies can compensate for low receptive vocabularies in relation to the demands of the text. The ability to make this selection, however, implies not only sensitivity to word structure, but also the ability to implement morphological analysis in conjunction with contextual guessing, where appropriate. These findings suggest that the development of English as a second language reading proficiency may be accelerated by acquisition of the meanings of the most productive affixes of English in conjunction with instruction in the principles of morphological analysis. 相似文献
219.
The Tunisian Educational Reform: From Quantity to
Quality and the Need for Monitoring and Assessment
The Tunisian education system, like that of many other Southern nations of intermediate wealth, finds itself pulled in opposing
directions. While quantitative advances at
different levels of instruction have been easily achieved, a reorientation towards qualitative
matters is nowadays more than ever necessary. Reforms at the secondary level, and the perspectives that they open up in terms
of an improvement in the quality of educational
services for young people, will receive special attention in this article. Radical changes in the traditional status of school
inspectors are needed. Furthermore, a new national agency for monitoring and evaluating students' outcomes and schools' performance
is indispensable. 相似文献
220.