俄罗斯第三代高等教育国家标准:背景、框架、特点

俄罗斯第三代高等教育国家标准的核心是对基础教育大纲的掌握结果、结构和实施条件提出的要求。该标准的制定以能力素养观为基础,要求培养学生的一般文化能力素养和职业能力素养,目标指向以学生发展为本和跨学科能力的培养。基础教育大纲中三类学科的课程分为国家统一设置的基础部分和高校自主设置的可变部分,体现了统一性与自主性相结合的原则。新标准实施的瓶颈是能力要素结构的构建和能力评价。     

快乐便士

威尔有工作了,弟弟本和妹妹贝特西常向他要零花钱,但过了一段时间,他变得有些不大愿意了。本便和妹妹商量,要让威尔每星期给他们五十便士的零花钱,这样,他们平时就不用再向他要钱了。     

英国的多元文化教育与公民教育

全球化和多元化对许多国家的发展带来重要影响,同时也要求这些国家的教育适应其人口多元化的发展.过去60年英国也在致力于探寻一条适应其人口多元化发展的路径.人口的多元化发展,不仅要求课程设置进行改革,也要求教师培养方式的转变.然而这种由人口多元化带来的差异与统一的国家和公民身份融合仍显得比较困难.     

脆弱时代:全球视野下的生态与生存

尽管有充足的证据表明,与以往任何时候相比,人类就整体而言,营养更好,健康更佳,寿命更长,但是在人类中间始终存在一种持久的脆弱感和环境危机将至的意识。至少在西方,如此对灾难的恐惧已然演进了数个世纪。在中世纪,如洪水与干旱这样的灾难被视为上帝对于人类抗命的惩戒。然而今天,灾难更普遍地被看做是人口增长、过度消费和污染的后果。电影人与小说家都在想象如此的人为灾难,如凯文·科斯特纳之《未来水世界》和科马克·麦卡锡之《路》。虽然科学家可能认为这番想象并不总是基于冷静的科学,可是他们确实同意,这种忧虑是有其道理的。从未来气候变化的角度考察科斯特纳和麦卡锡在美国西部的家乡,它告诉我们,这种新生的脆弱是真实的。历史学者从艺术和科学中汲取知识,他们同样面临着如何生态地思索过去与当前,在新的视角中看待社会变化的挑战。     

新疆学前双语教育发展现状及其改进策略

2008年以来,南疆与农牧区被确定为发展新疆学前双语教育的重点地区,目前上述地区学前教育已基本实现免费普及。新疆地域间、城乡间学前双语教育发展不均问题日益突出,乌鲁木齐市学前双语教育发展滞后最为明显。促进学前双语教育均衡发展,应平衡使用教育经费,兴办城市公办幼儿园,创办多种形式的学前教育,实施补偿性资助政策。     

最痛苦的是,自己成了自己讨厌的人

自己成了自己讨厌的人。这大概也是世界上最让人痛苦的事情之一吧。在听《以父之名》被我爸莫名其妙吐槽的时候,觉得他真是讨人厌,并发誓我以后一定不能成为这么讨厌的人。没成想,不经意间还是在我表妹面前做了这样的人。在我的中学时代,周杰伦正红得发紫,每当我用家里电脑的音响放他的《以父之名》,我父亲总会在那段尖叫的前奏响起的时候大声抱怨:"我真不知道有啥好听的,鬼叫一样。"后面想来,我当时的反应比较微妙,是一种夹杂着"你     

Application of digital image correlation to full-field measurement of shrinkage strain of dental composites

Objectives: Polymerization shrinkage of dental composites remains a major concern in restorative dentistry because it can lead to micro-cracking of the tooth and debonding at the tooth-restoration interface. The aim of this study was to measure the full-field polymerization shrinkage of dental composites using the optical digital image correlation (DIC) method and to evaluate how the measurement is influenced by the factors in experiment setup and image analysis. Methods: Four commercial dental composites, Premise Dentine, Z100, Z250 and Tetric EvoCeram, were tested. Composite was first placed into a slot mould to form a bar specimen with rectangular-section of 4 mm mm, followed by the surface painting to create irregular speckles. Curing was then applied at one end of the specimen while the other part were covered against curing light for simulating the clinical curing condition of composite in dental cavity. The painted surface was recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera before and after curing. Subsequently, the volumetric shrinkage of the specimen was calculated with specialist DIC software based on image cross correlation. In addition, a few factors that may influence the measuring accuracy, including the subset window size, speckle size, illumination light and specimen length, were also evaluated. Results: The volumetric shrinkage of the specimen generally decreases with increasing distance from the irradiated surface with a conspicuous exception being the composite Premise Dentine as its maximum shrinkage occurred at a subsurface distance of about 1 mm instead of the irradiated surface. Z100 had the greatest maximum shrinkage strain, followed by Z250, Tetric EvoCeram and then Premise Dentine. Larger subset window size made the shrinkage strain contour smoother. But the cost was that some details in the heterogeneity of the material were lost. Very small subset window size resulted in a lot of noise in the data, making it difficult to discern the general pattern in the strain distribution. Speckle size did not seem to have obvious effect on the volumetric shrinkage strain along specimen length; however, larger speckles resulted in higher level of noise or heterogeneity in the shrinkage distribution. Compared with bright illumination, dimmer lighting produced larger standard deviations in the measured shrinkage, indicating a higher level of noise. The longer the specimen, the greater was the rate of reduction with distance from the irradiated surface, especially for the longitudinal strain. Significance: The image correlation method is capable of producing full-field polymerization shrinkage of dental composites. The accuracy of the measurements relies on selection of optimal parameters in experimental setup and DIC analysis.     

论教学系统中的审美教育

该篇文章主要讨论教育系统的常见问题,特别着重在现代高校所出现的问题。审美教育作为教育系统的主要任务,它所面临的难题和创新也正在被考虑。欧洲的审美教育模式现已提出。     

社会中的成人生态教育问题

这篇文章涉及生态教育的一般问题,尤其是着重在社会教育学方面关于成人的生态教育问题。在这篇文章里,提到的是关于改善生态教育的计划问题。