两个从仆人升到总理的成功人

怎样爬升到极顶.这便是一个要教那纽约两位营业界人物答复的问题.他们俩都是从楼梯底下慢慢儿走到顶上去的.新近都当选了他们公司的领袖.所以他们自己讲历年的进程.很有价值.这两个人中的一人.在十七岁时候.便从苏格兰渡海到美国.要试探他的幸运.他起先做一家公司里的听差.还有一人.从二十一岁到纽约.身边只有一枝速记用的铅笔和一本记事簿.他们都是用自己力量     

美国中学与大学体育的管理机制与司法治理

体育作为中学课外活动的教育内容之一,主要由美国各州政府自行管理,各州的中学也组成了高中体育管理联合会来制定和执行校际体育活动的有关规则。美国法院遵循司法谦抑原则,通常不会干预联合会的决定,除非决定所依据的规则或所依据的程序违反了成文法,或侵犯了联邦或州宪法规定的基本权利。大学校际体育由大学自发组成的各种联合会进行管理,其中最重要的是全国大学体育联合会（NCAA）,NCAA以维持大学体育的业余性、保证体育作为高等教育的有机组成部分为宗旨,有权制定和强制实施各项规则及处罚。NCAA不是政府组织,无法对其管理大学体育的行为适用美国联邦宪法,但可以适用美国联邦反垄断法。     

TGMD-3在中国3~12岁儿童基本运动技能测试中的信效度研究

目的: 验证TGMD-3在中国3~12岁儿童基本运动技能测试中的可靠性和有效性。方法: 选取上海、深圳、重庆、洛阳、长沙的512名3~12岁儿童为研究对象进行TGMD-3测试,对测试的难度、区分度、一致性信度、重测信度和评价者信度、结构效度进行统计检验。结果: TGMD-3的13个项目难度范围为0.27~0.78,区分度范围为0.38~0.49。每个年龄组儿童基本运动技能测试(TGMD-3)的内部一致性系数范围为0.808~0.902,其中男女生的内部一致性系数均为0.95;总体的基本运动技能评价者信度(肯德尔协同系数)w为0.944, 2值为28.331,达到显著性水平;重测检验中,移动式运动技能(组内相关系数)ICC为0.755、球类运动技能(组内相关系数)ICC为0.741、总的基本运动技能(组内相关系数)ICC为0.743,均达到了较高水平。通过探索性因子分析验证了TGMD-3的双因子结构,并通过验证性因子分析支持双因子模型(χ²(64)=103.28,p<0.001,CFI=0.960,TLI=0.952,RMSEA=0.049,SRMR=0.043)。结论: TGMD-3儿童基本运动技能测试具有良好的项目难度、区分度,以及可靠的内部一致性信度、重测信度和结构效度,对我国3~12岁儿童具有良好的适用性,可以作为我国儿童基本运动技能发展评价的有效工具。     

Factors associated with concussion-symptom knowledge and attitudes toward concussion care seeking in a national survey of parents of middle-school children in the US

Background:Developing appropriate concussion prevention and management paradigms in middle school(MS)settings requires understanding parents’general levels of concussion-related knowledge and attitudes.This study examined factors associated with concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes among parents of MS children(aged 10-15 years).Methods:A panel of 1224 randomly selected U.S.residents,aged ≥18 years and identifying as parents of MS children,completed an online questionnaire capturing parental and child characteristics.The parents’concussion-symptom knowledge was measured using 25 questions,with possible answers being“yes”,“maybe”,and“no”.Correct answers earned 2 points,“maybe”answers earned 1 point,and incorrect answers earned 0 point(range:0-50;higher scores=better knowledge).Concussion care-seeking attitudes were also collected using five 7-point scale items(range:5-35;higher scores=more positive attitudes).Multivariable ordinal logistic regression models identified predictors of higher scores.Models met proportional odds assumptions.Adjusted odds ratios(aORs)with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)(excluding 1.00)were deemed statistically significant.Results:Median scores were 39(interquartile range:32-44)for symptom knowledge and 32(interquartile range:28-35)for care-seeking attitude.In multivariable models,odds of better symptom knowledge were higher in women vs.men(aOR=2.28;95%CI:1.71-3.05),white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.88;95%CI:1.42-2.49),higher parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.47;95%CI:1.26-1.71),and greater competitiveness(10%-scale-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.13-1.36).Odds of more positive care-seeking attitudes were higher in white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.45;95%CI:1.06-1.99)and in older parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.05-1.47).Conclusion:Characteristics of middle school children’s parents(e.g.,sex,race or ethnicity,age)are associated with their concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes.Parents’variations in concussion knowledge and attitudes warrant tailored concussion education and prevention.     

新浪微博替代计量指标特征分析

通过对新浪微博替代计量指标进行统计分析,探索中文环境下替代计量指标的特征和规律。研究发现:新浪微博替代计量指标覆盖率不足1%,但由于追踪时间和追踪对象的局限,该数字可能被严重低估;新浪微博关注和讨论较多的论文来自"综合""生物化学、遗传学与分子生物学""保健科学""医学"及"生命科学"等学科;新浪微博替代计量指标的期刊分布满足对数曲线规律,除著名的综合性期刊如Nature等,预印本平台arXiv和开放存取期刊PLoS ONE等也获得了较多关注,生物学和医学的"明星期刊"最多;新浪微博主要关注最新论文,正式出版180天内受到关注的论文比例高达68.66%,同时也会关注经典论文;新浪微博发布者倾向宣传、推介和评论贴近生活、趣味性强、实用性高、涉及生命健康的学术论文,传递出引文无法体现的社会价值和学术价值;新浪微博替代计量指标呈现出显著的离散和集中分布特点,5.1%的学术论文获得了50%的新浪微博关注。此外,受新浪微博关注的论文在全球范围内获得远高于平均水平的关注度。     

Impaired motor control after sport-related concussion could increase risk for musculoskeletal injury: Implications for clinical management and rehabilitation

This review presents a conceptual framework and supporting evidence that links impaired motor control after sport-related concussion(SRC)to increased risk for musculoskeletal injury.Multiple studies have found that athletes who are post-SRC have higher risk for musculoskeletal injury compared to their counterparts.A small body of research suggests that impairments in motor control are associated with musculoskeletal injury risk.Motor control involves the perception and processing of sensory information and subsequent coordination of motor output within the central nervous system to perform a motor task.Motor control is inclusive of motor planning and motor learning.If sensory information is not accurately perceived or there is interference with sensory information processing and cognition,motor function will be altered,and an athlete may become vulnerable to injury during sport participation.Athletes with SRC show neuroanatomic and neurophysiological changes relevant to motor control even after meeting return to sport criteria,including a normal neurological examination,resolution of symptoms,and return to baseline function on traditional concussion testing.In conjunction,altered motor function is demonstrated after SRC in muscle activation and force production,movement patterns,balance/postural stability,and motor task performance,especially performance of a motor task paired with a cognitive task(i.e.,dual-task condition).The clinical implications of this conceptual framework include a need to intentionally address motor control impairments after SRC to mitigate musculoskeletal injury risk and to monitor motor control as the athlete progresses through the return to sport continuum.     

Risk of bias and reporting practices in studies comparing VO2max responses to sprint interval vs. continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:It remains unclear whether studies comparing maximal oxygen uptake(VO_{2 max}) response to sprint interval training(SIT) vs.moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT) are associated with a high risk of bias and poor reporting quality.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of reporting in studies comparing changes in VO_{2 max} between SIT and MICT.Methods:We conducted a comprehensive literature search of 4 major databases:AMED,CINAHL,E...     

Use of sport-related concussion information sources among parents of United States middle school children

Objective:Parents may use various information sources to obtain information about sport-related concussions(SRC).This study examined SRCrelated information sources used by parents of United States middle school children(age:10-15 years).Methods:A panel of 1083 randomly selected U.S.residents,aged≥18 years and identifying as parents of middle school children,completed an online questionnaire capturing parental and child characteristics,and utilization and perceived trustworthiness of various sour...     

Cyclic-anion salt for high-voltage stable potassium-metal batteriesOA

Electrolyte anions are critical for achieving high-voltage stable potassium-metal batteries(PMBs).However,the common anions cannot simultaneously prevent the formation of ’dead K’ and the corrosion of Al current collector,resulting in poor cycling stability.Here,we demonstrate cyclic anion of hexafluoropropane-1,3-disulfonimide-based electrolytes that can mitigate the ’dead K’ and remarkably enhance the high-voltage stability of PMBs.Particularly,even using low salt concentration(0.8 M) and addi...