芍药属的研究(1)——国产几个野生种核型的报道

In the present paper 8 species with 15 populations of the genus Paeonia L. (if P. papaveracea and P. japonica are recognised as species) were collected from Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces (see the Appendix for detail of the materials).  The micrographs of their somatic metaphase (also Mii in the case of P.veitchii) are shown in Plates 1-4, the karyo- type formulae, ranges of chromosome length and classification of karyotypes according to Steb- bins (1971) are shown in Table 5: the idiograms in Figs. 1-2, and the parameters of chromo- somes in Table 1-4.  The essential points are mentioned as follows:        (1)   Chromosomes of the various species in the section Modan have so far been examined and they are all diploid, the two species in the section Onaepia are also diploid, and thus tetraploids exist only in the section Paeonia.        (2)  Chromosomes in the genus Paeonia are relatively stable except for the differentiation of ploidy.  The karyotypes (Table 1-4) show no differences among different taxa in Sect. Modan and the same can also be said about the taxa in Sect. Paeonia (Table 1).  Not only are the karyotypes very similar, but also among the members within  either section have the same parameters of chromosomes, and, differences, if occur, are not statistically significant. Between the two sections, however, the situation is different. The arm ratios of the first pairs of chromosomes in Sect. Modan are 1.53, 1.52 and 1.48 (Table 1), but those in Sect. Paeonia are 1.12-1.28 (Table 2-4), 95% confidence limits are 1.46-1.60 for the section Modan and 1.07-1.28 (1.21-1.35 only for PB85078) for the section Paeonia, not overlapping, which indi- cates that the two sections have differentiated in respect of the first pairs of chromosomes.        (3)The population PB85024, which belongs to the P. obovata complex, has a karyotype of 2B (stebbins, 1971), which is a new one in the genus Paeonia. This karyotype is a stable one, for several individuals in the population are uniform in this respect, which shows that Steb- bins’ (1971) generalization that all the species in Paeonia have 2A does not hold true.        (4)  Three populations of P. obovata complex studied in this work from Sichuan and Shaanxi are all tetraploids, and one from Hebei is a diploid.  From the present work and the previcus reports, the materials from Japan and Korea, no matter whether flowers are pink or white, are diploids, those from Heilongjiang Province (with both pink and white flowers) (Liu Ming-yuan, personal communication) and from Heibei Province (with pink flowers) in China are also diploids, the one from Sakhalin (pink flowers) is tetraploid, those from Priamur of the Soviet Union are a tetraploid (with white flowers) and a diploid (with pink flowers), and those from Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) and western Sichuan (with both pink and white flowers) are all tetraploids.  As far as we have now known, ploidy in this parti- cular complex is correlated with the geographical distribution: diploids are found in the cen- tral part, tetraploids occur in the northern limits, and in the south  letraploids are the only cytotype.      (5)  The materials of P. mairei from western Sichuan and Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) are found all to be tetraploids, which shows that two cytotypes, diploid and tetraploid, exist in this  species,  but the geographical distribution pattern of these two cytotypes is to be revealed in the future investigation.     

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传统的古典诗词教学使得学生学习兴趣不高,学习被动,效率低下;对传统文化感悟少,文化积累更少,也缺乏基本的审美和想象能力,难以感受古典诗词的魅力,更领略不到中国传统文化的博大精神.古典诗词教学应利用音乐、故事、多媒体等来激发学生学习兴趣,提高学习效率,为语文教学和素质教育的发展创造条件.     

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在“双减”政策和新课程改革的背景下,文章探索运用不同的教学方法将生活元素融入教学中,以生活情境为导向打造促进学生思维能力培养的高效课堂,培养学生将地理思维运用到生活之中,引导学生地理思维的形成和培养学生地理核心素养。     

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兴趣永远是学习的原动力,任何一门学科都需要学生充满兴趣才能获得好的教学效果。本文从创设教学情境,巧用美术欣赏,讲评学生作品,保护学生的想象力,走入大自然五个方面论述了如何培养学生的美术兴趣。     

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药品是保证当前人们身体健康的前提,其生产的时候,对各个技术工艺要求和管理日益完善。西药制药是一种化学反应手段,是通过在生产中化学反应方式进行药品加工和制作的过程。在我国当前的西药制药中,由于我国西医引进较晚,各种技术措施和管理方式的不够完全和不足,造成当前的西药生产中各种技术手段的欠缺。在当前科学技术不断发展中,西药制药技术日益完善,为当前我国社会经济的平稳发展奠定了基础。本文就我国西药制药常用的技术工艺做一浅析。