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31.
关于理科教育的任何一种合理的理论根据必须包括教育目的、学科和一种学习的模型。 教育目的 关于学校应达到的目的,曾是许多论文的主题,但它们中间存在着争论和分歧。对这些争论本文将不涉及,但有一个是例外;这个例外就是美国教育政策委员会1961年报告书中扼要陈述的,即认为教育的中心目的是教学生思维。这一任务在该委员会的“美国教育的中心目的”论文中详细地阐述如下: 相似文献
32.
The present research tested the generality of the “work ethic“ effect described by Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000).
In Experiment 1, we trained 10 pigeons on a pair of either simultaneous or successive discriminations. One discrimination
followed a high-effort requirement (20 pecks to the center key) and the other followed a low-effort requirement (1 peck).
Contrary to Clement et al.’s results, we found that preferences between the S+ and S− stimuli in transfer tests depended on the event that initiated the trial: Pigeons preferred the stimulus from the baseline
discrimination whose initiating event was most dissimilar from that preceding the test trial. Preferences were similar but
less extreme in the successive condition. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether test preferences depended on the amount
of training. A total of 12 pigeons were trained on a pair of simultaneous discriminations, except that test sessions were
scheduled after every three baseline sessions. Preferences increased across test sessions but were similar to those in Experiment
1. Together with Vasconcelos, Urcuioli, and Lionello-DeNolf (2007a), our study represents a second failure to replicate Clement
et al.’s work ethic effect. The finding that preference depends on the event that initiates the test trial suggests that choice
probes may not provide unambiguous assessments of stimulus value. 相似文献
33.
INTRODUCTION Dynamics of carbon and water vapor fluxesexchange between the atmosphere and the ecosystembiosphere, depend on complex and non-liner interplayamong physiological, ecological, biochemical andedaphic factors and meteorological conditions (Jarvis,1995; Leuning et al., 1995). There are many studiesquantifying the fluxes across different time and spacescales as well as assessing the environment con-straints on them by some kinds of biophysical orempirical models whose resul… 相似文献
34.
《化学习题精选》是英国中学化学教师为学生提供复习和提高作业质量而编的。它的特点有:1.围绕题目编成一系列短小的问题。这些问题系按照英国现用的教材结构编写的;由浅入深,由易到难,逐步引导学生的学习兴趣;可在课内外用作讨论或练习之用。2.作者将各小题划分为三种类型:(1)知识性(以K表示),理解性(以C表示)及综合性(以H表示)。每小题都注明评分标准,用以了解学生的知识水平和分析问题、解决问题的能力。本书共有一百题,我们根据我国中学化学教学大纲的内容选译部分习题,供教师们参考、选用。选译习题中也略有超我国教材水平的,可作因材施教之用。习题的后面,附有用数字回答问题的答案。 相似文献
35.
We review a series of studies that evaluate the role of developing language skills as a prerequisite to spontaneous rehearsal use in deaf populations. We propose a theoretical model that summarizes the contribution of language skills by highlighting the interrelations among age, language proficiency, and automatized language skills. In an initial test of the model, an index of deaf children's language experience was found to be an almost complete mediator of strategy use. Increasing language proficiency, therefore, was implicated as a critical variable in predicting children's spontaneous rehearsal use, minimizing any direct contribution from age per se. In a more direct assessment of the link between general language proficiency and rehearsal use, pragmatic language skills (as measured by the Language Proficiency Profile: LPP-I) were found to be a nearly complete mediator of rehearsal use, with the remaining contributions of age and language experience being nonsignificant. Language proficiency, therefore, was identified as a strong and necessary prerequisite for rehearsal to be used spontaneously as a memory strategy. The additional hypothesis that the automatization of these general language skills, measured by a rapid automatized naming task (RAN), contributes to spontaneous rehearsal was also evaluated. Automatized language emerged as a partial mediator of the language proficiency → rehearsal use relation but additional language-processing variables were implicated. We discuss these findings as they relate to issues around the nature of language proficiency and the identification of those automatized language skills involved in rehearsal. 相似文献
36.
37.
Zhang XW Yang YP Xu XM Hu TP Gao ZH Zhang J Chen TY Chen ZW 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2005,6(4):272-279
INTRODUCTION Human limbs are complex, delicate systems.Their reconstruction, both for appearance and forfunction compensations, proves to be complicatedprojects. With the development of science and tech-nology, both researchers and disabilities hope to haveartificial limb much more perky, comfortable, dex-terous and effective. Although thousands of pros-thetic limbs are commercially available worldwide,most of them, from mechanical styles to electricstyles, from motion controlled t… 相似文献
38.
Hirschenfang J 《The Journal of perinatal education》2011,20(2):70-75
In this birth story, a young mother relates her experience of moving beyond fear of labor and birth and developing confidence in her ability to give birth without an epidural. Knowledge and support, including the support of a doula, during the last months of pregnancy helped this mother change her plans for the labor and birth. This story highlights the importance of continuous emotional and physical support and how knowledge and confidence set the stage for a satisfying, safe, and healthy birth. 相似文献
39.
In this article, we discuss the intuitive knowledge mothers have of their unborn baby. We propose a shift in focus from caregivers' merely providing information to first listening to pregnant mothers as they share their intuitive knowledge of their baby. This approach enables mothers and fathers or partners to know they are already parents to their unborn baby and empowers them to get in touch with their baby's presence and who he or she is during pregnancy. This intuitive knowledge may be a protective behavior that will enable mothers to keep babies safe during pregnancy. 相似文献
40.