论学习的研究范式与视界

影响人的学习的最重要因素是什么?不同的教学理论对此给出了大相径庭的答案,这是因为它们各自对学习本身持有不同的视界,有的看重预期的学习结果,有的聚焦影响学习过程的各种方法,还有一些则抓住了学习发生的条件.有八种对教育传播与技术领域的理论发展一直产生影响,并且仍在产生强烈影响的最流行研究范式,它们分别是完形心理学、行为主义和新行为主义、发展心理学、文化—历史学派、信息加工理论、认知符号理论、认知资源理论和社会建构主义.一般来说,研究总是在某个特定的范式框架内进行的,但是研究者应该认识到,范式本身会对研究方法和结果产生很深的影响.更重要的是,研究者应该对各种不同的理论与范式持开放的心态,因为新的发现总是出现在不同范式之间的交叠磨合处.     

偶是偶爸的小师爷

从东北老家来到南方上大学，学了个时髦的“电子商务”。当初爸妈一看到这名字就一个劲地点头叫好说肯定有前途．于是．我连这玩意到底学的是啥都不知道．就晕头晕脑地撞了进来。     

高水平乒乓球运动员有力臂最大等长收缩力的评估

乒乓球是使用单侧上肢的一项运动,其特征是要进行重复多次高速且具爆发力的动作,无氧乳酸酵解代谢能力占有重要作用.研究对象与方法男女高水平乒乓球运动员(n=31).采用Takei5101握力计测量单侧上肢有力型和非单侧上肢有力型运动员的上肢最大等长收缩力.18名男运动员(平均年龄23.5±5.4岁)和13名女运动员(平均年龄21.3±3.3岁)均为西班牙乒乓球协会的国家联盟成员.采用SPSS v12.0 for windows和Excel v10.2软件包进行数据统计分析.研究结果发现无论男女运动员单侧上肢有力型的最大等长收缩力均高于非单侧上肢有力型,而左势手女运动员与右势手女运动员相比、右势手男运动员与左势手男运动员相比,单侧上肢有力型的最大等长收缩力均高于非单侧上肢有力型.研究还发现进攻型运动员与防守型运动员相比,单侧上肢有力型的最大等长收缩力高于非单侧上肢有力型.分析与讨论无论男女,单侧上肢有力型运动员手握力高于非单侧上肢有力型运动员.男性运动员比女性运动员的等长收缩力高,一个可以解释的事实是男性有更高的睾酮水平.肌肉力量不平衡可能发展成为脊柱侧弯姿态,这应该通过适当的力量和柔韧性训练来避免,以防止将来的运动损伤和运动成绩的下降.     

大师的珠宝盒

在格林先生的晚餐会上,他向在座的客人展示了一串珍珠项链,项链上的一百颗珍珠大小相同,每一颗都在灯光下散发出迷人的光辉,引得客人们啧啧称叹     

硬才是硬道理

如果不看麦迪的活塞队服,你还会以为这是他年轻时的飞扣照片。实际上NBA的摄影师们已经越来越难抓拍到麦迪这种舒展的动作了,你也几乎认不出来他原来打球的样子。说实话,麦迪本赛季的表现非常令我兴奋。原以为他的职业生涯会废掉,但麦迪反而越打越有味道。1月3日对爵士队的比赛,他甚至险些打出一个"三双"。麦迪现在脸上的笑容也越来越多了。     

骡子和铃铛

<正>一头高大健壮的骡子,脖子上系着一个铃铛。铃铛制作精巧,响声清脆,骡子每走一步,铃铛便发出“叮当”的声响,比鸟儿唱歌还悦耳动听。一天,骡子撞开了篱笆,走进了菜园。白菜、韭菜一畦畦,鲜嫩又可口,骡子好开心,它低头啃个不停。“叮当叮当”,一串串响声,钻进了主人的耳中。他一个箭步冲出房门,挥动竹竿赶到菜园,     

The making of an entrepreneurial science: biotechnology in Britain, 1975-1995

Monoclonal antibodies played a key role in the development of the biotechnology industry of the 1980s and 1990s. Investments in the sector and commercial returns have rivaled those of recombinant DNA technologies. Although the monoclonal antibody technology was first developed in Britain, the first patents were taken out by American scientists. During the first Thatcher government in Britain, blame for the missed opportunity fell on the scientists involved as well as on the National Research and Development Corporation, which had been put in place after World War II to avoid a repeat of the penicillin story, when patent rights were not sought. Instead of apportioning the blame, this essay suggests that despite past experiences and despite the new channels that were in place, Britain was not in a "patent culture" in the 1970s. It traces the long and painful process that made a commercial attitude among publicly funded British research scientists and in a civil service institution like the Medical Research Council both possible and desirable. In this process the meaning of the term "public science" also changed dramatically.     

Implicit overcompensation: the influence of negative self-instructions on performance of a self-paced motor task

According to Wegner's (1994) theory of ironic processes of mental control, self-instructions not to perform in a certain way, together with mental loads, can induce thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that are precisely the opposite of intention. Wegner's theory was tested against the implicit overcompensation hypothesis, which states that movement direction and magnitude are implicitly dictated by self-instruction, irrespective of load, promoting overcompensation of action. Two experiments were conducted using a golf-putting task. In Experiment 1, 48 participants were randomly assigned to one of four load conditions: cognitive, visual, auditory, and self-presentation/incentive. In the experimental trials, participants were instructed to make the putt, but it was emphasized that the putt should not be left short of the target. Following the instructional strategy, putts landed significantly longer than at baseline, irrespective of load. In Experiment 2, 36 participants were divided into one of three groups, without load, in which different instructional sets (control, not putting long, and not putting short) were emphasized. A significant interaction emerged, as participants putted significantly longer or shorter than controls depending on the instructional set given. Overall, our findings support the implicit overcompensation hypothesis. Theoretical and practical considerations are discussed.