英国中学科学教育新动向

中学生在化学课上都会学到卤元素,包括元素氟在内。氟是化学性质很活跃的一种元素,化学教师津津乐道的是氟的强氧化作用,可是学生想知道氟化物在饮用水里的作用,这种强氧化物还会对牙齿有好处,学生感到很奇怪。其实氟和氟化物     

Developmental links of very early phonological and language skills to second grade reading outcomes: strong to accuracy but only minor to fluency

The authors examined second grade reading accuracy and fluency and their associations via letter knowledge to phonological and language predictors assessed at 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 years in children in the Jyv?skyl? Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia. Structural equation modeling showed that a developmentally highly stable factor (early phonological and language processing [EPLP]) behind key dyslexia predictors (i.e., phonological awareness, short-term memory, rapid naming, vocabulary, and pseudoword repetition) could already be identified at 3.5 years. EPLP was significantly associated with reading and spelling accuracy and by age with letter knowledge. However, EPLP had only a minor link with reading fluency, which was additionally explained by early letter knowledge. The results show that reading accuracy is well predicted by early phonological and language skills. Variation in fluent reading skills is not well explained by early skills, suggesting factors other than phonological core skills. Future research is suggested to explore the factors behind the development of fast and accurate decoding skills.     

会开汽车的儿子

儿子从小就喜欢汽车,现在他正在学开车。说来可能你们不会相信,这位小司机今年才刚刚4岁。并且,他开的并不是玩具汽车,也不是把什么椅子倒转来,装模作样地开着玩,而是地地道道坐在福特汽车的驾驶座上,像模像样地操纵着方向盘,完全像个有着丰富经验的老驾驶员。     

The development of the ability to recognize the meaning of iconic signs

Early developmental psychologists viewed iconic representation as cognitively less complex than other forms of symbolic thought. It is therefore surprising that iconic signs are not acquired more easily than arbitrary signs by young language learners. One explanation is that children younger than 3 years have difficulty interpreting iconicity. The current study assessed hearing children's ability to interpret the meaning of iconic signs. Sixty-six 2.5- to 5-year-olds who had no previous exposure to signs were required to match iconic signs to pictures of referents. Whereas few of the 2.5-year-olds recognized the meaning of the iconic signs consistently, more than half of the 3.0-year-olds and most of 3.5-year-olds performed above chance. Thus, the ability to recognize the meaning of iconic signs gradually develops during the preschool years. Implications of these findings for sign language development, receptive signed vocabulary tests, and the development of the ability to interpret iconic symbols are discussed.     

Recognition of facial emotions among maltreated children with high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine processing of facial emotions in a sample of maltreated children showing high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Maltreatment during childhood has been associated independently with both atypical processing of emotion and the development of PTSD. However, research has provided little evidence indicating how high rates of PTSD might relate to maltreated children's processing of emotions. METHOD: Participants' reaction time and labeling of emotions were measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task. Participants included a diverse sample of maltreated children with and without PTSD and controls ranging in age from 8 to 15 years. Maltreated children had been removed from their homes and placed in state custody following experiences of maltreatment. Diagnoses of PTSD and other disorders were determined through combination of parent, child, and teacher reports. RESULTS: Maltreated children displayed faster reaction times than controls when labeling emotional facial expressions, and this result was most pronounced for fearful faces. Relative to children who were not maltreated, maltreated children both with and without PTSD showed enhanced response times when identifying fearful faces. There was no group difference in labeling of emotions when identifying different facial emotions. CONCLUSIONS: Maltreated children show heightened ability to identify fearful faces, evidenced by faster reaction times relative to controls. This association between maltreatment and atypical processing of emotion is independent of PTSD diagnosis.     

提高國家對學校視導工作的作用

共產黨對於國家的監督事業,對於檢查黨與政府指示的執行情况的工作,始終是極其重視的。蘇聯共產黨第十九次代表大會,就非常注意國家監督與檢查工作的問题。只有自上而下的檢查和自下而上的檢查相結合,黨與非黨羣眾的檢查相結合,才能保證及時地消除我們組織和機關工作中的缺點,才能創造條件、及時地而準確地執行决議和指示。因此,代表大會號召領導機關,在進行檢查執行情况的工作時,要依靠廣大的勞動羣眾,依靠黨、工會和青年團組織,依靠地方蘇維埃的積極分子。第十九次黨代表大會的這些指示,對於教育機關來說也有着巨大的意義。國民教育工作中存在的嚴重缺點,在很大程度上是由於國家監督薄弱和對黨與政府指示的執行情况檢查不够的結果。     

英国文学的新时代

《当代文学简介》是布斯在云南大学的讲稿,这里选译了其中的第一讲:“英国文学的新时代”和第十二讲:“威廉·萨默赛特·毛姆。”第一讲是英国当代文学概述,以后各讲均为作家评介,今后将继续选译部分作家评介。     

谈谈如何总结和推广先进教育经验

教师们整天埋头工作,有时觉得自已的工作没有什么独到之处,没有什么经验可谈,其实,任何一个认真工作的人,都一定会在他的工作中积累一些值得别人学习的东西。有时教师又觉得自已工作得已经满不错了,于是就产生了沾沾自喜的情绪,不去严格要求自已,但当他看到了别人的先进经验,并把它拿来衡量自己的工作时就会发现,原来自已的工作还不足     

关于中值定理应用的探讨

结合实例探讨了中值定理在解题中的应用,归纳了运用中值定理的基本步骤和技巧.