谈元素周期律和元素周期表的教学

元素周期律和元素周期表是高中化学第一册第五章三、四两节(必修)的内容,此内容,笔者认为;不但是本册书及本章的一个重点,难点,也是整个中学化学的重点及难点,是中学化学学习的必不可少的基本内容之一;对学生来说,它不仅是必须掌握的化学基本规律,而且是学习笔研究化学学科的重要工具,故有人说:“学好元素周期律和元素周期表,是学好化学的灯塔.”教材把元素周期律和元素周期表放在学生已学了惰性气体,卤素、氧族,碱金属等几个元素族及一些重要化合物知识,并初步掌握有关原子结构及原子核外电子排布知识后面,是为了使学生在学元素周期律及元素周期表之前,掌握一些关于元素及其化合物性质规律性变化的感性知识,在此基础上,笔者认为:引导学生探索元素的性质和原子结构的关系,揭示元素周期律的实质掌握元素周期表的结构及应用,是十分及时和必要的.在进行卤素族教学时,笔者充分利用原子核外电子排布的知识,引导学生画出所有卤素元素原子的核外电子排布的结构示意简图.     

问路

mnnjm我迷踟了，小朋友这是什么地方？这是我的肩膀问路@江西元     

好奇的安安

安安听说有一种名叫(鱼安)(鱼康)的鱼,会在水里“钓”鱼。他按捺不住好奇心,想知道(鱼安)(鱼康)鱼究竟是怎样钓鱼的,可他又不谙水性,就去找爷爷。安安走到小河边,看见爷爷正背靠着河岸上的桉树,兴趣盎然地钓鱼呢!安安问:“爷爷,爷爷,你能钓一     

嵊泗风景日戳

嵊泗是全国十大重点渔业县之一,由404个岛屿组成,素有“一分岛礁九九海”之说。1988年被列为全国唯一的国家级列岛型风景名胜区。2000年12月31日,浙江嵊泗邮政局启用8种风景日戳。     

培养学生用列表法解题的能力

同学们，运用列表法解题，不仅能帮助我们（特别是后同学）分析题意、形成思路，从而提高解题效率，同时还能促进思维的发展。首先，运用列表法解题在设计表格时需要明确已知条件和待求量，这能增强学生对题意的分析能力；其次，在形成思路时要分析同一物体（或状态）各物理量之间的关系（在表格中一般是横向排列，故下称“横向关系”），     

铃兰族(广义)花粉形态与叶表皮特征的研究

对铃兰族(广义)7个属分别作了花粉(17种)扫描电镜观察和叶表皮(12种)的光学显微镜和 扫描电镜观察。花粉可分为8个类型。在狭义的铃兰族的4个属内，花粉全为远极单槽，舟状。它们 的外壁除夏须草属外，都具细孔。夏须草属的花粉外壁则为细皱。  Hutchinson(1934)的蜘蛛抱蛋族 花粉形态变异很大，其中开口箭属和万年青属的花粉为远极单槽，舟形，外壁具穿孔或网纹，而蜘蛛抱 蛋属的花粉则为球状，无萌发孔。其间的显著差异支持Nakai为前两个属建立万年青族(Rohdeae)。 表1归纳了7个属的花粉形态；图1是我们对铃兰族(广义)花粉形态演化的见解。叶表皮观察表明，气 孔器为无规则型，上表皮角质层主要为条纹加厚，或均匀加厚，而铃兰属的角质层秕糠状加厚。7个属的叶表皮特征归纳于表2。     

芍药属的研究(1)——国产几个野生种核型的报道

In the present paper 8 species with 15 populations of the genus Paeonia L. (if P. papaveracea and P. japonica are recognised as species) were collected from Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces (see the Appendix for detail of the materials).  The micrographs of their somatic metaphase (also Mii in the case of P.veitchii) are shown in Plates 1-4, the karyo- type formulae, ranges of chromosome length and classification of karyotypes according to Steb- bins (1971) are shown in Table 5: the idiograms in Figs. 1-2, and the parameters of chromo- somes in Table 1-4.  The essential points are mentioned as follows:        (1)   Chromosomes of the various species in the section Modan have so far been examined and they are all diploid, the two species in the section Onaepia are also diploid, and thus tetraploids exist only in the section Paeonia.        (2)  Chromosomes in the genus Paeonia are relatively stable except for the differentiation of ploidy.  The karyotypes (Table 1-4) show no differences among different taxa in Sect. Modan and the same can also be said about the taxa in Sect. Paeonia (Table 1).  Not only are the karyotypes very similar, but also among the members within  either section have the same parameters of chromosomes, and, differences, if occur, are not statistically significant. Between the two sections, however, the situation is different. The arm ratios of the first pairs of chromosomes in Sect. Modan are 1.53, 1.52 and 1.48 (Table 1), but those in Sect. Paeonia are 1.12-1.28 (Table 2-4), 95% confidence limits are 1.46-1.60 for the section Modan and 1.07-1.28 (1.21-1.35 only for PB85078) for the section Paeonia, not overlapping, which indi- cates that the two sections have differentiated in respect of the first pairs of chromosomes.        (3)The population PB85024, which belongs to the P. obovata complex, has a karyotype of 2B (stebbins, 1971), which is a new one in the genus Paeonia. This karyotype is a stable one, for several individuals in the population are uniform in this respect, which shows that Steb- bins’ (1971) generalization that all the species in Paeonia have 2A does not hold true.        (4)  Three populations of P. obovata complex studied in this work from Sichuan and Shaanxi are all tetraploids, and one from Hebei is a diploid.  From the present work and the previcus reports, the materials from Japan and Korea, no matter whether flowers are pink or white, are diploids, those from Heilongjiang Province (with both pink and white flowers) (Liu Ming-yuan, personal communication) and from Heibei Province (with pink flowers) in China are also diploids, the one from Sakhalin (pink flowers) is tetraploid, those from Priamur of the Soviet Union are a tetraploid (with white flowers) and a diploid (with pink flowers), and those from Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) and western Sichuan (with both pink and white flowers) are all tetraploids.  As far as we have now known, ploidy in this parti- cular complex is correlated with the geographical distribution: diploids are found in the cen- tral part, tetraploids occur in the northern limits, and in the south  letraploids are the only cytotype.      (5)  The materials of P. mairei from western Sichuan and Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) are found all to be tetraploids, which shows that two cytotypes, diploid and tetraploid, exist in this  species,  but the geographical distribution pattern of these two cytotypes is to be revealed in the future investigation.