评彼得一世的外交

外交在彼得的活动中占有特别重要的地位,他是沙皇亲自签署国际条约的第一人。这一细节,如同彼得缔造了饿罗斯帝国的正规军、舰队和其它国家建制一样,表现了彼得建立了新的俄罗斯外交的事实。在外交领域里,彼得加强俄罗斯实力,将俄罗斯变为伟大强国的工作效果尤其显著。俄罗斯的迅速崛起使彼得的同代人及后人惊讶。外交,作为一种手段,作为实现对外政     

Investigation of blood pulse PPG signal regulation on toe effect of body posture and lower limb height

Objective: To study the regulation of blood pulse volume via photoplethysmography (PPG) signal detected from toe, while the lower limb is passively raised in different height positions. Methods: Use a modified non-invasive PPG technique to detect the blood pulse signal on toe with infrared (IR) photo sensor. A protocol consisting of two postures, i.e., supine and 45° reclining, was designed to conduct laboratory trial in this study. During the period of performing the protocol of these postures, the lower limb was passively raised from the heights of 10 cm to 60 cm randomly and individually with sponge blocks underneath the foot. Results: In the supine posture, the higher the foot was passively raised, the more the blood PPG signal decreased. In the 45° reclining posture, the blood PPG signal increased at the beginning and then decreased in the foot height position from 10 cm to 60 cm. In both postures the normalized AC signal changes significantly while the normalized DC signal changes little. Conclusion: The toe PPG signals can obviously indicate the regulated blood volume change with the designated postural procedures due to the heart level position.     

1900至1990年北美的学校数学教学

本文简略地叙述了二十世纪前九十年美国和加拿大数学教学历史发展中的几个主要阶段和一些重要事件,以及学习心理理论、社会需求和数学科学自身的发展对这些阶段和事件的影响。并利用这些背景材料,展望九十年代学校数学教学的改革。     

Children with mathematics learning disabilities in Belgium

In Belgium, between 3% and 8% of the children in elementary schools have mathematics learning disabilities (MLD). Many of these children have less developed linguistic, procedural, and mental representation skills. Moreover, a majority of the children have been found to show inaccurate prediction and evaluation skills in Grade 3. MLD often become obvious in elementary school. Whereas some children are retained, others are referred to special education. During the last 10 years, the number of children in special education and the number of children with learning disabilities who are following a special guidance program in general education (inclusive education) have increased. Children in Belgium with MLD can get therapy for about 2 years. Nevertheless, many problems continue unresolved even in high school and adulthood.     

在学校教学实驗园地上的工作过程对中学生唯物主义观点的培养

每一学年我們都要編訂中学生与少年自然科学家在学校教学实驗區地上进行实习作业的年度計划。每一班級的学生按小組为單位,分配予一定面积的土地,按教学大綱所規定的,进行植物栽培和实驗的具体作业。但少年自然科学家需完成超出大綱范圍較复杂的作业,除在园地上工作外,还規定要在集体农庄进行公益劳动。在上一学年中,五年級学生在园地上栽培:大田輪作方面——冬小麦、甜菜、黍、馬鈴薯;蔬菜輪作方面——番茄、食用甜菜、黄瓜、早熟馬鈴薯;飼料輪作方面——飼用粟、箭舌豆—燕麦、苜蓿,青料玉米。这些年級的少年自然科学家还增加以下的实驗;“追施矿質肥料对番茄产量的影响”,“播种方法对黍产量的影响”等。六年級学生栽培:大田輪作方面——春小麦、多黑麦、大麦、向日葵、玉米、亞麻、苜蓿;蔬菜輪作方面——早熟白菜、胡萝卜、小紅萝卜、蒔萝菜;飼料輪作方面——飼用甜菜、飼用南瓜,青料黑麦。此     

如临深渊

图书馆里找到的秘密星期六来了，可这一天对于比利来说，却是很沮丧的！爸爸和妈妈，甚至这个小镇上的每一个人都知道了他昨天傍晚大喊大叫的事情。早上吃饭的时候，爸爸就看似轻松地对比利问长问短，比利心里清楚，身为精神病专家的爸爸，一定认为他的行动有点像病人了。事实上，镇上很多人都是这样看他的。比利用无所谓的态度敷衍〔fūyǎn〕了爸爸，就走出了家！可是，即便到了街上，他也很不好受！许多人看他的眼神，让他开始怀疑自己，难道自己真的错了？“我可不想让别人以为我真的疯了！”比利自言自语道。突然，他想到了一个从未想…     

孟买的圣诞节

We arrived in Bombay early in December, all agog to see the wonders of one of India principal cities and looking ahead to visiting Delhi, Agra and the Taj Mahal, even the Khyber Pass, Afghanistan and Karachi. We accomplished only the first of these. After one night in Bombay we awoke to the news that India and Pakistan were at war.     

我国课堂教学评价研究概况、问题与设想

概述我国课堂教学评价研究的现状,包括对课堂教学本质和价值取向、评价标准和指标、教学评价方法的研究。分析我国课堂教学评价存在的问题,包括局限于理论构建,缺少课堂实证研究;缺乏对课堂教学客观、准确、精细的描述;局限于评价标准与指标法,缺乏有效方法的综合运用。提出今后研究的设想,包括进行课堂教学的实证研究,提供对课堂教学的多角度、多类型的描述,同时建立教学评价标准指标体系和行为分类系统,综合使用定量方法和质的方法。     

文化与幼儿教育的拉丁美洲视角:社会进步的战略举措

在拉丁美洲以及加勒比地区,早期教育对人类社会以及经济发展的重大意义已经被广泛认同。人们正在努力实现教育承诺,主动积极地确保早期教育的完整发展。然而,在开展早期教育工作中,我们遭遇到的主要阻力来自于普遍性的低生活质量和贫困。生活在这种环境中的儿童,某种意义上意味着他们是被剥夺了发展权利的弱势群体,在获得健康、教育、营养以及社会参与等方面都有极大的困难。许多拉美国家还在经历内乱,国内各种暴力事件频发,因此儿童的早期教育间接或直接地受到严重的影响。在这样的社会背景之下,儿童发展的现状是不容乐观的。目前各国政府…