注意:概念、测验和教师等级评定

本文的理论部分探讨注意的性质、注意的测验和测量，以及注意缺陷的鉴定。注意具有选择性，它包含着对冲动反应的抑制和对分心的克服。第二部分讨论三项经验研究，这些研究探索了注意等级评定量表的使用，该量表由教师对儿童在课堂情境下的注意情况进行等级评定。研究发现，教师的等级评定可以预测课外情境中儿童在注意测验上的表现。这些等级评定具有显著的预测性，正如该测验的结果所表明的，教师一直关注着儿童注意的一个重要方面，即对分心的抵制。在结论性评述中，讨论了可能导向注意缺陷改善的动态测试。第三部分是附录部分，例举了若干注意力测验。     

Abusive head trauma in Maine infants: medical,child protective,and law enforcement analysis

OBJECTIVE: To collect and compare the results of medical, child protective, and law enforcement evaluation of a sample of Maine children who were victims of abusive head trauma (AHT) in order to describe the clinical and evaluative characteristics as they relate to victims, families and perpetrators of such trauma and to improve the professional response to AHT in Maine.METHOD: Retrospective chart review of medical, child protective, and law enforcement records of all AHT victims admitted to two tertiary care hospitals in Maine or seen by the state medical examiner from 1991 to 1994.RESULTS: Nineteen children (age range 2 weeks to 17 months) were identified as victims of AHT (out of a total of 94 head trauma admissions) accounting for 20 hospitalizations during the study period. There was a history of prior injury in 30%, history of prior medical evaluations for possibly abuse related problems in 65%, while, on presentation, 75% had evidence or history of prior injury. The hospitals notified child protective services (CPS) in all 20 cases and correctly identified abuse in 18 (90%). Parental risk factors for abuse identified in CPS records included substance abuse (53%), domestic violence (42%), criminal history (32%), unrealistic expectations (42%), and attachment problems (32%). However, risk factors were inadequately assessed in 53% of homes. Law enforcement identified a likely perpetrator in 79% of cases and in the majority the identified suspect was the father. In the 15 cases where a perpetrator was identified by law enforcement, that person was alone with the child at symptom onset in 14 (93%).CONCLUSIONS: The medical response, at least at the inpatient level, was generally well done with regard to suspicion and reporting. Cases are possibly being missed at the outpatient level. Child protective risk assessment was limited overall yet in a third of the homes where AHT occurred, few if any risk factors were present to aid in identification and prevention. Law enforcement results suggest that a primary suspect for AHT is the caretaker alone with the child at the time of symptom onset.     

《美国新闻与世界报道》最新全美大学排名

虽然远隔重洋,但美国大学的排名问题依然牵动着不少意欲留学海外者的心,以下是本刊转载的《美国新闻与世界报道》刚刚发布的最新全美大学排名及相关报道,以供参考。     

父与子

Steven steeled himself for the conflict to come as his father, Ronald, slowly entered the front door.     

Application of system dynamics for assessment of sustainable performance of construction projects

INTRODUCTION Sustainable development is commonly definedas meeting the needs of the present without compro-mising the ability of future generations to meet theirown needs (WCED, 1987). All industries, includingthe construction industry should contribute to themission. Compared to other industries, constructionactivities are generally considered to have more im-pact on the environment, which provides the basicconditions for the sustainability and development oflife on the Earth. The…     

Design and Implementation of Parallel Virtual Machine on GM

1.1 BackgroundThe SU'HPCS (Shanghai Ufllverslty HighPerfor-mance Computing System) Is a 144-processorLlnux cluster constricted from commodity personalcomputer teChnology it is designed tO be dedicated tOhigh performance computing for computationalenglneenng and scientific problems We have nowconstructed many parallel environmentS m SUHPCS,such as MPll'], PVMI"'], BSP14], and DSMI'], as well asHPFI61, tO help users enroll their aPPlications intOParallel comPUting system But o…     

ВСТРЕЧА ЗИМЫ

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具帽真菌直观教具的制作

高級菌类子实体的保存,通常是浸制在專門的溶液里,这样,真菌在一定程度上变得粘滑,并且失去了固有的自然形态。在我多年的試驗中証明,多孔菌科和松蕈科真菌的子实体,在用融化的羊脂()并加少量(5—10%)萘或莰处理后,能保存得很好。子实体的处理及其制作的进行,是按以下一定的順序进行: 1)鉋一直徑为3—5毫米,長度取决于真菌的小棒;棒的一端削尖; 2)將小棒插入菌柄末端已經切断的子实体內,小棒要插在菌帽厚层的中央(图1); 3)握住小棒露出之一     

Initiations of social interactions by young hearing impaired preschoolers

This study examined strategies for initiating social interactions with peers, among 4 children with hearing impairment, aged 33 to 36 months, attending a special early education center or a regular kindergarten. The study investigated initiation type (related to partner's hearing status) and rates of initiation success/failure vis-a-vis hearing and deaf partners. Results revealed (a) more initiations in the regular program than in the special program; (b) in the special program, much more successful initiations toward children with hearing impairment than toward hearing children; (c) vocalization as the most frequent strategy used with both hearing and hearing-impaired partners; and (d) referential decisions about their initiations even among young children with hearing impairment (made by changing frequencies of various strategies according to partner's hearing status). The discussion addressed implications regarding integration of children with hearing impairment into regular educational settings.