Adductor longus mechanics during the maximal effort soccer kick

Groin pain is a common cause of athletic disability and often involves the adductor longus. A common complaint of patients with groin problems is pain while preparing to kick the ball. The purpose of this study was to examine muscle length and activation of the adductor longus while kicking a soccer ball. Three-dimensional joint positions and muscle activation were obtained from 15 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 male soccer players during maximal effort kicks. Musculoskeletal modeling techniques incorporating joint position and muscle attachments were used to estimate adductor longus length from the beginning of the kicking leg's swing phase until ball strike. The maximum rate of stretch of the adductor longus (22.3 ± 5.3 cm/s) and maximum hip extension (23.3 ± 8.8°) occurred near 40% of swing phase. Activation of the adductor longus occurred between 10% and 50% of the swing phase. Adductor longus maximum length occurred at 65% of the swing phase. Maximum hip abduction (25.3 ± 5.4°) occurred at 80% of swing phase. The adductor longus appears to be at risk of strain injury during its transition from hip extension to hip flexion. This knowledge could be applied to muscle injury prevention and rehabilitation programs to aid with treatment of adductor longus related groin pain.     

Librarianship and Information Science in The Sahel 1966–1999: An Annotated Bibliography

This work is an annotated bibliography that consists of articles, books, conference papers, dissertations, reports, etc., published in various library and information science forums on the subject of librarianship in the Sahel.The Encyclopaedia Britannica Online defines the term Sahel as an English translation of the Arab termSahil which refers to the semi-arid region of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal to The Sudan. The Sahel for the purposes of this work consists of the region of West Africa and the nations of Gambia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. Nigerian library literature will be given a full and separate treatment in two subsequent articles.While this work is by no means an exhaustive analysis of the entire Sahelian library, literature, it does strive to be comprehensive in terms of its country-by-country breakdown of librarianship within the region. In providing a citation for a non-English language work, the English equivalent of the title of that work will be given next to the non-English title.     

Playing in the Sandbox: EAC-CPF Projects at Duke University

The Rubenstein Library at Duke University holds several large, complex collections. Describing these collections and making obvious the interconnectivity of each collection's various components has proven difficult within the framework of the archival collection guide, and as such can be perceived as daunting. Patrons can miss important connections or fail to understand the creator's role across collections. To address the particular needs of these collections, staff from Duke University has experimented with EAC-CPF during the past 2 years with the intent of supporting patrons in navigating the collections and therefore having greater success in finding all relevant and related materials.     

水是H1.5O？

水是什么时候不是H2O?答案是:当它是H1.5O时.1995年德国和英国物理学家用高能中子轰击水分子来观测质子的行为,发现散射的中子比预期减少了25%,这说明有1/4的氢核子(质子)不见了.