Fostering analogical transfer: The multiple components approach to algebra word problem solving in a chemistry context

Holyoak and Koh (1987) and Holyoak (1984) propose four critical tasks for analogical transfer to occur in problem solving. A study was conducted to test this hypothesis by comparing a multiple components (MC) approach against worked examples (WE) in helping students to solve algebra word problems in chemistry classes. The MC approach incorporated multiple components (symbolic equations, symbols, categorization, hint) in the source, or target, or both, to address the four analogical tasks. Different combinations of the components were tested in a series of four experiments. Symbolic equations (main component) fostered a mental construction of the problem in its solution mode. Categorization enabled an identification of the problem category. A hint in the target directed the learners to the source problem. The interaction between these components facilitated the mapping of the symbolic equations in the source onto the target, resulting in the superiority of the MC approach in fostering analogical transfer. Neither the main component alone nor the main component plus one sub-component was sufficient for analogical transfer. Hence for analogical transfer to occur, at least the main component (symbolic equations) and two sub-components (categorization and hint) are required. However, symbols may not have additional effects for transfer to occur.     

THE EFFECTS OF MIDDLE SCHOOL BULLYING AND VICTIMIZATION ON ADJUSTMENT THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL: GROWTH MODELING OF ACHIEVEMENT,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE,AND DISCIPLINARY TRAJECTORIES

The current 5‐year longitudinal study examined the effects of middle school bullying and victimization on adolescent academic achievement, disciplinary referrals, and school attendance through high school (N = 2030; 1016 both boys and girls). Greater engagement in bullying behaviors was concurrently associated with lower achievement and school attendance for girls and higher levels of disciplinary problems, and, for girls, predicted increases in disciplinary referrals through high school. Victimization was unrelated to school adjustment difficulties when controlling for bullying. Moreover, academic achievement was longitudinally associated with disciplinary referrals and school attendance. These findings outline concurrent school adjustment difficulties associated with engagement in bullying behavior, the longer‐term behavioral ramifications for girls, and the relations of behavioral and academic development from middle school to high school.     

International Communications

Church, Communication, Development (Committee on Society, Development, and Peace; Publications Department; Ecumenical Centre, 150 Route de Ferney, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, $3.50)

Ithiel de Sola Pool, Philip Stone and Alexander Szalai's Communications, Computers and Automation for Development (UNITAR Research Reports No. 6, UNITAR, 801 United Nations Plaza, New York 10017, $2.00)

George Melly's Revolt into Style: the Pop Arts in Britain (Penguin [hardback], $8.95)

T.C. Worsley's Television: The Ephemeral Art (London: Alan Ross, $9.00)

D.G. Bridson's Prospero and Ariel: The Rise and Fall of Radio—A Personal Recollection (London: Gollancz, $10.50)

Raymond Durgnat's A Mirror for England: British Movies from Austerity to Affluence (Praeger, $11.95)

Asa Briggs History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom (Oxford University Press, 1961, 1965)     

Journalism

Marvin Barrett and Zachary Sklar's The Seventh Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Survey of Broadcast Journalism: The Eye of the Storm (New York: Lippincott & Crowell, 1980---$11.95/6.95).

Herbert E. Alexander's Financing the 1976 Election (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1414 22nd St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037---$35.00).

Benjamin M. Compaine's The Newspaper Industry in the 1980s: An Assessment of Economics and Technology (White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge industry Publications, 1980---$24.95).

Mitchell Stephens' Broadcast News: Radio Journalism and an Introduction to Television (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1980---$12.95).

James D. Startt's Journalism's Unofficial Ambassador: A Biography of Edward Price Bell, 1869-1943 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1980---$15.95).     

Bundling in Cable Television: A Pedagogical Note With a Policy Option

Bundling can be a pricing mechanism by which monopolists capture economic surplus from consumers.We suggest that given the cost structure of media markets, channel bundling in the cable and satellite market could also emerge in a competitive environment. A la carte channel pricing on cable television may or may not increase consumer welfare and could decrease total welfare. Because bundling may create other problems, policymakers may consider allowing cable and satellite networks to sell packages of channel space to viewers at a given price, allowing viewers to choose which channels they want in their packages. We term this option quasi-bundling.     

Preserving Russia's Digital Cultural Heritage: Acquisition of Electronic Documents in Russian Libraries and Information Centers

This article discusses collection development strategies for electronic materials, particularly Web content, by Russian libraries and information centers. The author describes multiple methods, including Web harvesting, licensing, and legal deposit. Although there is a long tradition of legal deposit for printed material in Russia, legal deposit of electronic documents is more complex. Recently proposed amendments in the Duma may facilitate the legal deposit process for electronic materials. Electronic documents should be preserved and made accessible for the further development of science, culture, and education in Russia.     

Library Statistics: The Russian National Standard

Goals for developing the Russian national standard GOST 7.0.20—2014, System of Standards for Information, Librarianship, and Publishing: Library Statistics: Indicators and Units of Calculation, were to create lists of statistical indicators for library and documentation activities and to establish the statistical units for measuring those activities. The regulations included in the new standard will improve Russian library statistics, since its indicators cover all areas of modern library work. Unified indicators and units of calculation will promote uniformity in the primary statistical data submitted. Such uniformity facilitates accurate comparison and analysis for planning, accounting, and forecasting.     

1990 editor's annual report

A variety of viewing measures were constructed to tap the ways people moved through an evening of television viewing, with particular focus on transitions between programs and channels. Based on these behaviors, five different styles of viewing were identified in a sample of adolescents. Of these, only one appeared to correspond to stereotypes of viewers as exercising little choice and just watching what was available. The viewing behaviors of the other four groups all indicate different ways of being active viewers.