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Teresa Carlson Doune MacDonald Trish Gorely Stephanie Hanrahan Robin Burgess-Limerick 《高等教育研究与发展》2000,19(1):103-116
This paper is concerned with the reconstruction, at the departmental level, of a university assessment policy that required a shift from norm-referenced assessment to criterion-referenced assessment (CRA). As such, it provides an account of a change process driven by a centralised policy imperative and yet implemented and driven also from a bottom-up process. A wide range of data was gathered using action research methods. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted with staff and students, participant journals were kept and successive drafts of criteria and standards, and samples of students' responses were collected. The data suggested that a top-down policy can be successfully combined with a departmental-driven process, if financial and time considerations are addressed and a collaborative process amongst staff is sustained. The use of action learning, as a tool for change, appeared to assist participants to begin to own a top-down policy. 相似文献
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Jelte M. Wicherts Conor V. Dolan Jerry S. Carlson Han L.J. van der Maas 《Learning and individual differences》2010,20(3):155-157
In his comment on our literature review of data on the performance of sub-Saharan Africans on Raven's Progressive Matrices, Lynn (this issue) criticized our selection of samples of primary and secondary school students. On the basis of the samples he deemed representative, Lynn concluded that the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans stands at 67 when compared to UK norms after a correction of the Flynn Effect. We criticize his methods for being unsystematic. Here we select only those samples that were based on stratified or clustered random sampling and were deemed representative by the original authors. We again fail to replicate Lynn's low estimate of the average IQ of Africans. We argue that these scores are hard to interpret in terms of latent cognitive variables such as g because of the psychometric incomparability we established and because the Flynn Effect has yet to take hold in sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
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Anthony JL Williams JM McDonald R Corbitt-Shindler D Carlson CD Francis DJ 《Annals of dyslexia》2006,56(2):239-270
Phonological awareness (PA), phonological memory (PM), and phonological access to lexical storage (also known as RAN), play
important roles in acquiring literacy. We examined the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of these phonological
processing abilities (PPAs) in 147 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children whose native language was Spanish. Confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA) supported the validity of each PPA as separate from general cognitive ability and separate from each other.
Moreover, structural equation modeling found RAN uniquely associated with knowledge of Spanish letter names and Spanish letter
sounds. PA was found the best predictor of children’s ability to distinguish alphabetic text from nonalphabetic text. Finally,
general cognitive ability was only indirectly associated with emergent literacy skills via PPAs. These results highlight the
importance of PPAs in the early literacy development of native Spanish speaking preschool children. 相似文献
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Relations between physiological and cognitive regulatory systems: infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim of this report was to investigate the prospective links between infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning (EF). The authors assessed sleep regulation through a parent sleep diary when children were 12 and 18 months old (N = 60). Child EF was assessed at 18 and 26 months of age. Higher proportions of total sleep occurring at night time, at both 12 and 18 months, were related to better performance on executive tasks, especially those involving a strong impulse control component. Most relations held above family socioeconomic status, prior mental development and concurrent verbal ability. These findings add to previous results with school-age children in suggesting that sleep favors the development of higher order cognitive functions requiring prefrontal cortex involvement. 相似文献
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Parisi JM Rebok GW Carlson MC Fried LP Seeman TE Tan EJ Tanner EK Piferi RL 《Educational gerontology》2009,35(10):867-879
The Experience Corps?, a community-based intergenerational program, was developed to promote the health of older adults, while simultaneously addressing unmet social and academic needs in public elementary schools. The model was designed to draw on, and potentially activate, the wisdom of older adults. This paper explores the nature of wisdom-related knowledge and how older adults may apply such knowledge when tutoring and mentoring young children, as well as the potential for the intergenerational transmission of wisdom from the older adult volunteers to the school children being mentored by them. Developing an understanding of these issues may provide a basis for the creation of more extensive wisdom-generating opportunities for both older and younger generations. 相似文献