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41.
A new item parameter replication method is proposed for assessing the statistical significance of the noncompensatory differential item functioning (NCDIF) index associated with the differential functioning of items and tests framework. In this new method, a cutoff score for each item is determined by obtaining a (1 −α) percentile rank score from a frequency distribution of NCDIF values under the no-DIF condition by generating a large number of item parameters based on the item parameter estimates and their variance-covariance structures from a computer program such as BIILOG-MG3. This cutoff for each item can be used as the basis for determining whether a given NCDIF index is significantly different from zero. This new method has definite advantages over the current method and yields cutoff values that are tailored to a particular data set and a particular item. A Monte Carlo assessment of this new method is presented and discussed. 相似文献
42.
AbstractThe subjects that young people study from age 14 onwards may have important consequences for their future academic and labour market outcomes. These decisions are shaped by the schools in which they find themselves. Schools also face constraints of their own. This paper explores the extent to which individuals’ decisions are affected by the school they attend and to what extent this is affected by the composition of schools in terms of academic attainment, gender, and socioeconomic background. We use multi-level variance decomposition models applied to administrative data on the subjects that young people in mainstream state-funded schools in England study between ages 14 and 16. Our results highlight the important role that constraints on schools play in subject choice decisions. We also note the particular role of attending a non-selective school within a selective schooling district. 相似文献
43.
Mary Alice McDonald Marian Sigman Michael P. Espinosa Charlotte G. Neumann 《Child development》1994,65(2):404-415
Kenya experienced a severe drought and temporary food shortage during a study on mild malnutrition. Effects of the temporary food shortage on energy intake, weight, and behaviors were evaluated in schoolchildren and in toddlers and their mothers. Schoolchildren were seriously affected, showing significant declines in their energy intake, age-corrected weight, activity on the playground, and classroom attention. Toddlers appear to have been somewhat protected since their energy intake, weight, and play and language behaviors were stable. Maternal caregiving of toddlers declined for the group as a whole, but individually those mothers who maintained family food levels delegated responsibility for toddlers to other caregivers. While the food shortage affected poorer families more than those of higher SES, declines in the behaviors of schoolchildren occurred regardless of SES and previous level of nutrition, suggesting that food shortages can have behavioral consequences for schoolchildren in all communities. 相似文献
44.
Martin J. Markey Ronald H. Fredrickson Richard W. Johnson Mary Alice Julius 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1970,9(3):178-182
Study was made of training impact of different electronic playback techniques on ratings of student counselor performance. Thirty-two upperclass university females were randomly divided into four playback treatment groups: (a) audio-video, (b) audio, (c) video, and (d) no playback received. Four underclass university females served as trained clients. All student counselors interviewed two different trained clients in two 20-minute sessions separated by a playback treatment period. All sessions were recorded by television cameras. Trained judges rated the second interview using the Counselor Evaluation Inventory, Nonverbal Behavior Scale, and Audio-Visual Counseling Scale. Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare scores on criterion instruments. Results indicated no judged differences among the playback treatment groups, nor could discriminant rankings be made among the various playback methods. Several explanations are discussed as to limited influence of playback media on early interview performance. 相似文献
45.
46.
Philip J. Brody Alice Legenza 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1980,28(1):25-29
Using mathemagenic-based research, the authors attempted to determine if the location or type of a picture affects reading
comprehension. College students read a passage and then answered multiple-choice questions that assessed different types of
incidental learning. Generally, subjects who viewed a picture after reading the passage scored higher than those who viewed
before reading. 相似文献
47.
48.
Alice Whiren 《Early Childhood Education Journal》1991,18(3):11-12
“Gerry, I'm really stuck for a sitter. Would you be willing to take care of Philip and Annie for me?” an anxious mother asks her neighbor on the phone. “I don't know. My kids like them. I guess I could for a while,” replies the helpful Mrs. Delysle. 相似文献
49.