“十一五”期间中国主要工业部门节能的节水效果分析

能源和水资源已经成为制约我国经济社会可持续发展的主要瓶颈,因此节能减排和水资源优化管理对我国经济可持续发展具有重要的意义。在国家制订的宏观能源政策中,没有考虑对于水资源的影响,而有关水资源的政策中也没有考虑到对能源消耗以及GHG排放的影响,缺乏二者之间相互影响的定量分析。本文从中国能源-水的关系入手,基于投入产出表构建评价模型,建立能源部门和水供应部门的关联系数,分析工业节能政策对于节水的效果,对选定的重点部门如黑色金属行业、石化行业、建材行业、有色金属行业和轻工重点行业,测算"十一五"期间以上部门实现节能而带来的节水效益,揭示节能与节水之间的内在联系。     

Motion Pictures

Emerson, Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Art (1891)

Hicks, Words and Pictures: Introduction to Photojournalism (1952)

Bunnell, Nonsilver Printing Processes, $4.50

Lee R. Baker, Making Movies: From Script to Screen (New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1973—price not known, paper)

Johnny Minus and William Storm Hale's Your Introduction to Film-TV Copyright, Contracts and other Law (Seven Arts Press, 6655 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, Ca. 90028 1973— $10.00 paper)

Noel Burch Theory of Film Practice (New York: Praeger, 1973—$8.95)

Hector Currie and Donald Staples' Film: Encounter (Dayton, Ohio: Pflaum/Standard, 1973—$9.95, paper)

John G. Cawelti's Focus on Bonnie and Clyde (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973—$5.95/2.45)

David Bordwell, Filmguide to La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc

Warren French, Filmguide to The Grapes of Wrath

Carolyn Geduld, Filmguide to 2001: A Space Odyssey

James Naremore, Filmguide to Psycho

E. Rubenstein, Filmguide to The General

Jay Leyda's Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film (New York: Collier Books, 1973 reissue of 1960 original —$4.95, paper)     

Equity and Excellence in Research Funding

The tension between equity and excellence is fundamental in science policy. This tension might appear to be resolved through the use of merit-based evaluation as a criterion for research funding. This is not the case. Merit-based decision making alone is insufficient because of inequality aversion, a fundamental tendency of people to avoid extremely unequal distributions. The distribution of performance in science is extremely unequal, and no decision maker with the power to establish a distribution of public money would dare to match the level of inequality in research performance. We argue that decision makers who increase concentration of resources because they accept that research resources should be distributed according to merit probably implement less inequality than would be justified by differences in research performance. Here we show that the consequences are likely to be suppression of incentives for the very best scientists. The consequences for the performance of a national research system may be substantial. Decision makers are unaware of the issue, as they operate with distributional assumptions of normality that guide our everyday intuitions.     

Genetics of muscle strength and power: polygenic profile similarity limits skeletal muscle performance

Environmental and genetic factors influence muscle function, resulting in large variations in phenotype between individuals. Multiple genetic variants (polygenic in nature) are thought to influence exercise-related phenotypes, yet how the relevant polymorphisms combine to influence muscular strength in individuals and populations is unclear. In this analysis, 22 genetic polymorphisms were identified in the literature that have been associated with muscular strength and power phenotypes. Using typical genotype frequencies, the probability of any given individual possessing an "optimal" polygenic profile was calculated as 0.0003% for the world population. Future identification of additional polymorphisms associated with muscular strength phenotypes would most likely reduce that probability even further. To examine the genetic potential for muscular strength within a human population, a "total genotype score" was generated for each individual within a hypothetical population of one million. The population expressed high similarity in polygenic profile with no individual differing by more than seven genotypes from a typical profile. Therefore, skeletal muscle strength potential within humans appears to be limited by polygenic profile similarity. Future research should aim to replicate more genotype-phenotype associations for muscular strength, because only five common genetic polymorphisms identified to date have positive replicated findings.     

Learning about Global Issues: Why most educators only make things worse

Over the last 25 years many educators have stressed the need for students to learn about global issues and have often taken this to be a relatively unproblematic area of pedagogy. An important Canadian study on the impact of teaching about such issues, however, suggests that the learning process may be much more complex than was previously assumed. This article reports on a pilot research project in the UK which monitored student responses to learning about global futures and found much more going on beneath the surface than meets the eye. It would seem that strong cognitive, affective and existential responses need to be recognised and acknowledged as part of any journey towards personal and political change.     

‘Salting’: preserving,seasoning, savouring,purifying and transforming through ‘marine adventuring’

ABSTRACT

This article explores, from a personal perspective, ageing and adventure in the context of the outdoor environment. Employing an autoethnographic sensibility, and drawing on fields of positive psychology, life course development, Outdoor and Adventurous Learning, and leisure studies, the paper discusses a range of motivations that contribute to my personal pursuit of a ‘fulfilled life’ now and in the future through ‘marine adventuring’. Adventuring is used to refer to my engagement with challenging physical outdoor activities; but also to my pursuit of learning; and, moreover, in my ‘existential’ quest for meaning. The specific activities under consideration are: seakayaking, SCUBA-diving and sailing.     

Making global connections: The knowledge,understanding and motivation of trainee teachers

This article begins by noting some of the global concerns that young people have today and highlights the crucial role of global education in responding to such concerns. It then considers the importance of teacher training in such matters and reports on a preliminary study relating to the initial training of teachers in England. In particular this raises questions about the knowledge and understanding that such students bring to their courses. It concludes by identifying some of the consequent dilemmas faced by teacher trainers working in this context.     

What progress has been made in meeting the needs of seriously maltreated children? The course of 200 cases through the Boston Juvenile Court

OBJECTIVES: The study examined child, parent, and case characteristics in a sample of 200 cases of serious child maltreatment brought before the Boston Juvenile Court (BJC) on Care and Protection petitions in 1994. Whether recent changes in Massachusetts law have been effective in reducing delays in adjudication and helping children achieve permanent placements more quickly was also examined. METHOD: Data were abstracted from court records by the research team. The 200 cases were followed prospectively for 4 years. Retrospective data on the families' previous involvement with the protective service system were also abstracted from the records. Data from the 1994 cases were compared to that obtained from a sample of cases brought before the BJC in 1985-1986. RESULTS: Children permanently removed from parental custody in the 1994 sample required less time post-disposition to achieve permanent placements. However, overall, time frames for the 1994 cases remained remarkably similar to those in 1985-1986: children were in the protective service system an average of 5 years; cases required an average of 1.6 years in court; and half of the children permanently removed from parental custody were still in "temporary" foster care at 4-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although some improvements have occurred since 1985-1986, the system still fails to meet the needs of seriously maltreated children to achieve permanent placements promptly. The implications of the findings for system reform are discussed.