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Mark D. Weist Amy Goldstein Leslie Morris Tanya Bryant 《Psychology in the schools》2003,40(3):297-308
This article provides background on national movements toward expanded school mental health (ESMH) programs and school‐based health centers (SBHCs), and presents advantages and challenges of joining these two systems of child and adolescent health care. Delivering ESMH through SBHCs promotes an interdisciplinary approach, health–mental health care integration, and benefits including enhancing referral bases, improving screening of problems, and enhanced confidentiality and privacy. But this integrated approach also presents challenges including managing referrals and significant needs, handling crises, building a focus on prevention and mental health promotion, handling administrative demands, and coping with limited resources. These challenges, ideas for overcoming them, and future directions for this promising service delivery approach are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 297–308, 2003. 相似文献
23.
Visual cues have an important role in food preference for both rats and humans. Here, we aim to isolate the effects of numerosity, density, and surface area on food preference and running speed in rats, by using a forced-choice maze paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats preferred and ran faster for a group of multiple smaller pellets rather than a single large pellet, corroborating previous research (Capaldi, Miller, & Alptekin Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 15(1), 75–80, 1989). Further experiments tested the prevailing hypothesis that multiple food pieces are more reinforcing because they occupy a larger surface area. Experiment 2 controlled for numerosity by utilizing a continuous food: mashed potatoes flattened to cover a larger surface area or rounded into a ball. The rats preferred and ran faster for the flattened potatoes, suggesting surface area plays a role in quantity estimations. Finally, in Experiment 3, rats displayed no preference or difference in running speed between a group of scattered and clustered pellets when number of pellets were kept constant. Taken together, these results suggest that density has an important role in food perception—that is, the rewarding effect of higher numerosity or larger surface area is removed when the food does not fill out the entire space. Alternative explanations and implications for human diet are discussed. 相似文献
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The design of motivational agents and avatars 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Amy L. Baylor 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2011,59(2):291-300
While the addition of an anthropomorphic interface agent to a learning system generally has little direct impact on learning,
it potentially has a huge impact on learner motivation. As such agents become increasingly ubiquitous on the Internet, in
virtual worlds, and as interfaces for learning and gaming systems, it is important to design them to optimally impact motivation.
The focus of this paper is on the design of agents and avatars (one’s self-representation as a visual agent) for enhancing
motivational and affective outcomes, such as improving self-efficacy, engagement and satisfaction, moderating frustration,
and/or improving stereotypes. Together with motivational messages and dialogue (which are not discussed here), the agent’s
appearance is the most important design feature as it dictates the learner’s perception of the agent as a virtual social model,
in the Bandurian sense. The message delivery, through a human-like voice with appropriate and relevant emotional expressions,
is also a key motivational design feature. More research is needed to determine the specifics with respect to the ideal agent
voice and the role of other nonverbal communication (e.g., deictic gestures) that may contribute to the agent’s role as an
embodied motivator, particularly in the long-term. 相似文献
27.
Meredith A. Park Rogers Dionne I. Cross Melissa Sommerfeld Gresalfi Amy E. Trauth-Nare Gayle A. Buck 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(4):893-917
The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which three teachers’ professional experience and existing orientations
toward teaching and learning mathematics and science influenced their implementation of a project-based curriculum (i.e. project-based
learning (PBL)). Data sources included interviews, videotapes of classroom activity, and a teaching philosophy questionnaire.
Data analysis was conducted using an iterative coding technique. We found coherency between the teachers’ perceived orientations
and their emergent ideas about PBL, their sense of PBL as being compatible with their goals, and the specific challenges with
which they struggled. All the teachers wanted their students to be successful; however, different definitions of success led
to quite different approaches toward teaching, and for the most part, these differences appeared to have occurred because
of existing orientations the teachers held for teaching their discipline. Implications for professional development taking
into account teachers’ orientations and thus their professional experience are discussed, as well as disciplinary challenges
to using PBL. 相似文献
28.
Douglas P. Newton Lynn D. Newton 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(2):327-345
If children are engaged in science lessons, their learning is likely to be better and, in the long term, careers in science
and technology will remain open. Given that attitudes can develop early and be difficult to change, it is important for teachers
of younger children to know how to foster engagement in science. This study identified what a cohort of 79 pre-service teachers
in England considered to be engaging elementary science lessons and compared their notions with teacher behaviours known to
be conducive to engagement. First, all brought beliefs about how to engage children in science lessons to their training.
They tended to favour children’s hands-on activity as an effective means of fostering attentive participation in learning,
although many had additional ideas. Nevertheless, the means and ends of their ‘pedagogies of engagement’ tended to be simple
and narrow. Trainers need to ensure that notions of engagement are wide enough to cope with a variety of teaching situations,
as when hands-on experience is not feasible, effective or appropriate. At the same time, teachers will need to recognise that
one approach may not suit all learners. Without this, there is the risk that they will lack the skills to engage children
in science. Nevertheless, these beliefs could offer a useful starting point for trainers who wish to widen pre-service teachers’
conceptions of engagement and increase their repertoire of teaching behaviours. 相似文献
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Carol Lynn Martin Naomi C. Z. Andrews Dawn E. England Kristina Zosuls Diane N. Ruble 《Child development》2017,88(1):167-182
The goal was to test a new dual identity perspective on gender identity by asking children (n = 467) in three grades (Mage = 5.7, 7.6, 9.5) to consider the relation of the self to both boys and girls. This change shifted the conceptualization of gender identity from one to two dimensions, provided insights into the meaning and measurement of gender identity, and allowed for revisiting ideas about the roles of gender identity in adjustment. Using a graphical measure to allow assessment of identity in young children and cluster analyses to determine types of identity, it was found that individual and developmental differences in how similar children feel to both genders, and these variations matter for many important personal and social outcomes. 相似文献