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Andrew Gitlin Marjorie Siegel Kevin Boru 《International journal of qualitative studies in education》2013,26(3):237-253
In the last two decades, ethnography has become the dominant methodology of the American educational left. While debates have raged over the use of this method, for the most part they have focused on concepts of reliability and validity. Unfortunately, this emphasis has obscured the relation between method and what the researcher is trying to achieve through the method ‐ its political moment. We strive to put the political moment back in the methodological debate by considering the potential of ethnography to foster emancipatory change ‐ the express purpose of the left. Our analysis suggests that the separation of understanding and application, as well as that of the researcher from those researched, constrains the potential of ethnography to inform and foster emancipatory change. 相似文献
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Genetic technologies meet the public: the discourses of concern 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
To clarify concerns that the public has with genetic technologies, the article presents the results of focus group interviews conducted in Denmark in 2000. The concerns of the public are divided into three ideal-typical categories: social (dealing with environmental and health risks), economic (dealing with both the threats and opportunities of the new technologies), and cultural (taking up ethical and moral concerns). Following a general discussion of why it is important to take these discourses of concern seriously, each discursive category is discussed with examples taken from the focus group interviews. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Loading rates have been linked to running injuries, revealing persistent impact features that change direction among three-dimensional axes in different footwear and footstrike patterns. Extracting peak loads from ground reaction forces, however, can neglect the time-varying loading patterns experienced by the runner in each footfall. Following footwear and footstrike manipulations during laboratory-based overground running, we examined three-dimensional loading rate-time features in each direction (X, Y, Z) using principal component analysis. Twenty participants (9 M, 11 F, age: 25.3 ± 3.6 y) were analysed during 14 running trials in each of two footwear (cushioned and minimalist) and three footstrike conditions (forefoot, midfoot, rearfoot). Two principal components (PC) captured the primary loading rate-time features (PC1: 42.5% and PC2: 22.8% explained variance) and revealed interaction among axes, footwear, and footstrike conditions (PC1: F (2.1, 40.1) = 5.6, p = 0.007, η 2 = 0.23; PC2: F (2.0, 38.4) = 62.3, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.77). Rearfoot running in cushioned footwear attenuated impact loads in the vertical direction, and forefoot running in minimalist footwear attenuated impact loads in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions relative to forefoot running in cushioned shoes. Loading patterns depend on footwear and footstrike interactions, which require shoes that match the runner’s footstrike pattern. 相似文献
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Glenn S. Fleisig PhD Randy Phillips Andrew Shatley Jeremy Loftice Shouchen Dun Shawn Drake James W. Farris James R. Andrews 《Sports Engineering》2006,9(3):155-163
Because youth athletes are smaller and weaker than their adult counterparts, smaller equipment and fields are often used in
youth sports. Previous research has shown that youth baseball pitchers use similar motions to older pitchers, but generate
lower kinetics and angular velocities at the shoulder and elbow. The purpose of this study was to determine potential biomechanical
benefits for youth pitchers to use lighter baseballs. Thirty-four youth (11.1 ± 0.7 years) pitchers pitched both standard
[5 ounce (142 g)] and lightweight [4 ounce(113 g)] baseballs in a laboratory setting. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were
measured with a six-camera high-speed motion analysis system. Three repeated measures MANOVAs were used to compare (p > 0.05) position, velocity, and kinetic parameters between the standard and lightweight baseballs. Subjective data were also
collected. Pitching the lightweight ball produced no difference in arm position, but greater shoulder, elbow, and ball velocities.
With the lightweight ball, pitchers produced decreased kinetics.Post-hoc analysis of the kinetic data revealed significant decreases in elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque.
The data suggest that playing with lightweight baseballs may reduce the risk of overuse injury in the youth pitcher and also
help develop arm speed. However, before introducing lightweight baseballs into the youth game, the effect of lighter, faster
pitched balls for the batters and fielders should also be considered. 相似文献