Memoria incidental e intencional en preescolares

Resumen

En general, se ha mantenido que los niños en edad preescolar recuerdan mejor en tareas de aprendizaje incidental que en las de aprendizaje intencional. En este estudio se ha reexaminado esta cuestión y se ha visto que no existe tal diferencia. Niños de 3 a 5 reconocieron de modo semejante una serie de objetos y dibujos, tanto si se les había advertido previamente que debían recordar como si no. El estudio ha demostrado asimismo, y en concordancia con otros trabajos, que el recuerdo no es independiente del nivel de conocimiento ni de la edad del niño. En virtud de estos resultados se hace una interpretación de la memoria infantil acorde con la teoría de los niveles de procesamiento.     

那些曾经，溢过阳光

阳光温暖得让人有些沉醉。故事的开始似乎总是这样一个浪漫的午后,有某些事物在继续奔跑,延伸。带走一些忧伤,似乎也带来一些快乐。一体育课上绕着操场一圈圈地跑着,豆子从后面跑上来,拉着我的手径直从操场中间穿过,坐在一个完全暴露在阳光下的斜坡上,因为豆子说她冷得快见马克思了。于是我们坐在水泥地上,也没有想     

An easy-to-hard effect after nonreinforced preexposure in a sweetness discrimination

Experiments 1A and 1B used a taste-aversion procedure with rats to demonstrate that exposure to easily discriminated flavors along a dimension (1 % and 10 % sucrose) can facilitate learning a subsequent hard discrimination (4 % and 7 % sucrose) when one of those flavors is paired with illness. Experiment 1A compared the effects of preexposure to the easily discriminated flavors against exposure to the same stimuli used in the discrimination training or no exposure at all. Experiment 1B replicated the conditions in Experiment 1A, with 2 additional days of training and unrestricted access to the flavors on CS+/CS– trials in discrimination training. Contrary to findings with multidimensional stimuli (Scahill & Mackintosh, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 30, 96–103, 2004; Suret & McLaren, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56B, 30–42, 2003), we found that preexposure to the easily discriminable stimuli varying along a single dimension of sweetness facilitated subsequent discrimination training over the other conditions in each experiment. We discuss the results in terms of the ideas presented by Gibson (1969) and Mackintosh (Psychological Review, 82, 276–298, 1975) and in terms of hedonic variables not considered by theories of perceptual learning.     

Book reviews

Mamchur, C. (1996). A teacher's guide to cognitive type theory and learning style. Alexandria.VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (132 pp., ISBN‐0871202786)

Tomlinson, C. A. (1999). The differentiated classroom: Responding to the needs of all learners. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (132 pp., $21.95 pb, ISBN 0–87120–342–1).

Reis, Sally M. (1998). Work Left Undone: Choices and Compromises of Talented Females. PO Box 320, Mansfield Center, Conn.: Creative Learning Press (427pp., $19.95 paper, ISBN:0–936386–76–2).

Dettmer, P., & Landrum, M. (Eds.). (1998). Staff development: The key to effective gifted education programs. Waco, TX: Prufrock Press (125 pp., $19.95 pb, ISBN‐1–882664–41–8). [A publication of The National Association for Gifted Children, Washington, DC].     

Review of The 2009 UNESCO framework for cultural statistics

The main goal of the 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics is to facilitate comparisons through a common understanding of culture and the use of standardized definitions and classifications. This review contains an in-depth analysis of the 2009 Framework's contribution to the existing literature on measuring the economic impact of culture, and it concludes by suggesting future avenues of research. By achieving international consensus on the concept of culture and its measurement, we will be able to progress in our studies of the competitive advantages that allow cultural firms to generate wealth nowadays.     

Students’ conceptions of work and the understanding of the economic value of labor: a developmental study of unemployment and job precarity in times of an economic crisis

In the aftermath of the financial and economic recession of 2008, 130 Spanish students of five age groups (8 to 17 years) and two socioeconomic backgrounds were individually interviewed about unemployment and lower wages. The participants were presented with two hypothetical situations, and their responses were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that children bring their conceptions of work when attempting to explain those phenomena. Specifically, it was found that the explanations were closely associated with the comprehension of the notion of surplus value (i.e., the idea that workers create more value than the cost of their salaries), and that the development of this notion proceeds in three levels. Younger children were simply unaware of the capacity of workers to create value (Level 1), which gave rise to some alternative conceptions (e.g., the idea that money for salaries comes from external sources). The children within the age range of 12–13 began to understand that workers create some value (Level 2). At this level, however, the notion of surplus value was not fully understood, and the idea that money for salaries comes from external sources persisted in a variety of ways. From the ages of 13–14, the children begin to understand that a wage is the price of labor and that the employer earns a profit because workers create more value than the cost of their wages (Level 3). The article presents a discussion of the possible reasons behind the slow progress observed and highlights some suggestions for educational practice.

     

Criss-cross heart three-dimensional printed models in medical education: A multicenter study on their value as a supporting tool to conventional imaging

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) printed models for medical education in complex congenital heart disease (CHD) is sparse and limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of 3D printed models for medical education in criss-cross hearts covering a wide range of participants with different levels of knowledge and experience, from medical students, clinical fellows up to senior medical personnel. Study participants were enrolled from four dedicated imaging workshops developed between 2016 and 2019. The study design was a non-randomized cross-over study to evaluate 127 participants' level of understanding of the criss-cross heart anatomy. This was evaluated using the scores obtained following teaching with conventional images (echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) versus a 3D printed model learning approach. A significant improvement in anatomical knowledge of criss-cross heart anatomy was observed when comparing conventional imaging test scores to 3D printed model tests [76.9% (61.5%–87.8%) vs. 84.6% (76.9%–96.2%), P < 0.001]. The increase in the questionnaire marks was statistically significant across all academic groups (consultants in pediatric cardiology, fellows in pediatric cardiology, and medical students). Ninety-four percent (120) and 95.2% (121) of the participants agreed or strongly agreed, respectively, that 3D models helped them to better understand the medical images. Participants scored their overall satisfaction with the 3D printed models as 9.1 out of 10 points. In complex CHD such as criss-cross hearts, 3D printed replicas improve the understanding of cardiovascular anatomy. They enhanced the teaching experience especially when approaching medical students.     

Risk markers for disappearance of pediatric Web resources.

OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to find out whether certain Webometric indexes of a sample of pediatric Web resources, and some tests based on them, could be helpful predictors of their disappearance. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective study of a sample of 363 pediatric Websites and pages they had followed for 4 years. Main measurements included: number of resources that disappeared, number of inbound links and their annual increment, average daily visits to the resources in the sample, sample compliance with the quality criteria of 3 international organizations, and online time of the Web resources. RESULTS: On average, 11% of the sample disappeared annually. However, 13% of these were available again at the end of follow up. Disappearing and surviving Websites did not show differences in the variables studied. However, surviving Web pages had a higher number of inbound links and higher annual increment in inbound links. Similarly, Web pages that survived showed higher compliance with recognized sets of quality criteria than those that disappeared. A subset of 14 quality criteria whose compliance accounted for 90% of the probability of online permanence was identified. Finally, a progressive increment of inbound links was found to be a marker of good prognosis, showing high specificity and positive predictive value (88% and 94%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The number of inbound links and annual increment of inbound links could be useful markers of the permanence probability for pediatric Web pages. Strategies that assure the Web editors' awareness of their Web resources' popularity could stimulate them to improve the quality of their Websites.     

Relational capital wealth in an organizational context

This paper introduces a new relational capital framework providing a relationships typology between significant agents in an organizational context and offers an integrated approach to understand relationships as a key element of organizations. Some theoretical contributions in literature on strategy and organization are considered. Following this trend, our paper proposes a general relationships classification considering the four essential relationship properties and shows that these are fundamental for the development and existence of K-events during organizational activities. Based on the elements of K-events during a relationship between significant agents, we propose that the quality of any relationship, at any level of analysis, relies on the development and measurement of certain combinations of variables that are embedded in four different categories. This study explicitly shows some possible theoretical segmentation criteria or theoretical dichotomies for analyzing the concept of relationship between agents. For theorists, it provides a conceptual base for the relationships typology, and for practitioners it identifies key elements for optimal value exchanges.