Transformation and job creation in the cultural and creative industries in South Africa

The cultural and creative industries (CCIs) have been hailed as offering great potential to create jobs and to be socially inclusive. Since artistic success is defined by individual talent, or merit, the CCIs should be one sector that is especially open to, and appreciative of, social diversity in terms of race, class, cultural group and gender. However, as expected, recent studies in both the UK and the US have revealed that employment in the CCIs is heavily dominated by the middle classes, and is not as diverse in terms of other characteristics. Since the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994, transformation of firm ownership, previously dominated by white people, to include more black, coloured and Indian/Asian-origin South Africans, has been an important part of achieving greater economic equality and social cohesion, as well as being more representative of the cultures of the majority of the population. Using data from a survey of 2400 CCIs firms in South Africa, this paper examines the extent to which the CCIs in South Africa have transformed in terms of ownership and employment. Comparisons are also made across the six UNESCO [(2009). Framework for cultural statistics. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.uis.unesco.org/culture/Pages/framework-cultural-statistics.aspx] “Cultural Domains” in terms of ownership, average monthly turnover and the number of full-time, part-time and contract employees. Results show some diversity in the industry, but significant differences between the Domains. Statistical analysis demonstrates that CCI funding policy in South Africa is sensitive to advancing the transformation agenda in that more transformed firms were shown to be more likely to have received some form of government grant as part of their income.     

Reviews

Pat Sadler, Hiroshima Shudo University, The Caring Child by Nancy Eisenberg. Cambridge, Mass, and London: Harvard University Press, 1992, hb ISBN 0 674 09725 4, pb ISBN 0 674 09726 2, US$8.95

Garry Hornby, University of Hull, Youth in Trouble: Educational Responses, by J. F. Schostak. London: Kogan Page, 1991. 192pp., pb. ISBN 0 7494 0372 1, np

Gordon Dimmock, Harold Hill Community School, Havering, ‘Some Way to Go’: A Pilot Study on the Appraisal of Educational Resources on Leaving Home and Homelessness, Leaving Home Project. London: Information Services Charity Limited, 1987. 56pp., £4.95

Gordon Dimmock, Harold Hill Community School, Havering, Experimental Project. Final Report, Leaving Home Project. London: Information Services Charity Limited, 1991. 30pp., £6

Gordon Dimmock, Harold Hill Community School, Havering, ‘Making the Break’: Choices and Decisions Facing Young People Leaving Home, by Philip Hope, edited by Catherine ByGott. London: CSV Advisory Service and Leaving Home Project, 1989. 157pp. plus VHS video ‘Cutting Loose’, 20 min., CSV, 1988. ISBN 0 907829 57 0, £28.25+£2.40 p. & p.

Don Baines, Anglia Polytechnic University, Teacher Training in Secondary Schools, by Rowie Shaw. London: Kogan Page Limited, 1992. 162pp., pb ISBN 0 7494 0637 2, £14.95

Gill Collins, Sovereign Centre Tutorial Unit, Issues: A Cross-Curricular Course for PSE, by John Foster. Hammersmith: Collins Educational, 1992. Pupil Book One, ISBN 0 00 327334 2, £4.95; Teachers Resources One, ISBN 0 00 327339 3, £7.25; Pupil Book Two, ISBN 0 00 327335 0, £4.95; Teachers Resources Two, ISBN 0 00 327340 7, £7.25; Pupil Book Three, ISBN 0 00 327336 9, £4.95; Teachers Resources Three, ISBN 0 00 3273415, £7.25; Pupil Book Four, ISBN 0 00 327337 7, £5.50; Teachers Resources Four, ISBN 0 00 327342 3, £7.95; Pupil Book Five, ISBN 0 00 327338 5, £5.50; Teachers Resources Five, ISBN 0 00 327343 1, £7.95     

Learning Strategies Training

A learning strategies program emphasizing primary (text-oriented), and support (affective) strategies was evaluated. Participants were given training in one of two sequences: primary-support or support-primary. A no-treatment group served as a control. In general, the results revealed that strategy training significantly improved performance on both text-processing and self-report measures. The primary-support group typically scored higher than the support-primary group on the text-processing measures. Conversely, the support-primary group reported more positive responses on the self-report measures. Long-term follow-up results are also presented.     

Training principles: evaluation of modes and methods of resistance training--a coaching perspective

Current information and evidence indicate that for most activities free weight training can produce superior results compared to training with machines, particularly when the free weight training involves complex, multi-joint exercises. A number of reasons can account for the superiority of free weights; the major factor deals with mechanical specificity. Mechanical specificity is concerned with appropriate movement patterns, force application and velocity of movement. Considering the available evidence that adherence to the concept of specificity of exercise and training can result in a greater transfer of training effect then free weights should produce a more effective training transfer. Therefore, the majority of resistance exercises making up a training programme should include of free weight exercises with emphasis on mechanical specificity (i.e. large muscle mass exercises, appropriate velocity, contraction type etc.). Generally, machines should be used as an adjunct to free weight training and, depending upon the sport, can be used to a greater or lesser extent during various phases of the training period (preparation, pre-competition, competition).     

Microtechnology Processes and Cooperative Behavior of Third Grade Children

This study investigates four variations of a microtechnology process and its effect on the development of cooperative behavior in 96 third grade children. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. The treatments were the complete microtechnology process and three variations of the process. Findings suggest that: cooperative behavior can be significantly (p < .01) increased by use of microtechnology techniques; the microtechnology process is effective without the self-confrontation component; and the behavior developed exhibited short-term retention.