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11.
We investigated differences between field-study classrooms and traditional science classrooms in terms of the learning environment and students’ attitudes to science, as well as the differential effectiveness of field-study classrooms for students differing in sex and English proficiency. A modified version of selected scales from the What Is Happening In this Class? questionnaire was used to assess the learning environment, whereas students’ attitudes were assessed with a shortened version of a scale from the Test of Science Related Attitudes. A sample of 765 grade 5 students from 17 schools responded to the learning environment and attitude scales in terms of both their traditional science classrooms and classrooms at a field-study centre in Florida. Large effect sizes supported the effectiveness of the field-studies classroom in terms of both the learning environment and student attitudes. Relative to the home school science class, the field-study class was considerably more effective for students with limited English proficiency than for native English speakers. 相似文献
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14.
This paper reports research on the effects of variations in injection velocity and permeability on the heat transfer and flow
through a highly porous medium between two horizontal parallel plates situated at constant distance with constant suction
by the upper plate. Due to this type of variation in injection velocity and in permeability the flow becomes three dimensional.
The governing equations are solved by adopting complex variable notations to obtain the expressions for the velocity and temperature
field. The skin-friction along the main flow direction and rate of heat transfer are discussed with the help of graphs. 相似文献
15.
This meta-analysis integrates 296 effect sizes reported in eye-tracking research on expertise differences in the comprehension
of visualizations. Three theories were evaluated: Ericsson and Kintsch’s (Psychol Rev 102:211–245, 1995) theory of long-term working memory, Haider and Frensch’s (J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 25:172–190, 1999) information-reduction hypothesis, and the holistic model of image perception of Kundel et al. (Radiology 242:396–402, 2007). Eye movement and performance data were cumulated from 819 experts, 187 intermediates, and 893 novices. In support of the
evaluated theories, experts, when compared with non-experts, had shorter fixation durations, more fixations on task-relevant
areas, and fewer fixations on task-redundant areas; experts also had longer saccades and shorter times to first fixate relevant
information, owing to superiority in parafoveal processing and selective attention allocation. Eye movements, reaction time,
and performance accuracy were moderated by characteristics of visualization (dynamics, realism, dimensionality, modality,
and text annotation), task (complexity, time-on-task, and task control), and domain (sports, medicine, transportation, other).
These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of visual expertise in professional domains and their
significance for the design of learning environments. 相似文献
16.
Learners studying mechanical or technical processes via dynamic visualizations often fail to build an accurate mental representation
of the system’s movements. Based on embodied theories of cognition assuming that action, perception, and cognition are closely
intertwined, this paper proposes that the learning effectiveness of dynamic visualizations could be enhanced by grounding
the movements of the presentation in people’s own bodily experiences during learning. We discuss recent research on embodied
cognition and provide specific strategies for how the body can be used to ground movements during the learning process: (1)
making or observing gestures, (2) manipulating and interacting with objects, (3) using body metaphors, and (4) using eye movements
as retrieval cues. Implications for the design of dynamic visualizations as well as directions for future research are presented. 相似文献
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Formal models for service composition have been proposed with the variation of the requirements of service developers. Some
famous models have provided checking and verification techniques and tools for the behavior of service composition. These
models generally focus much on the message flow of web services and neglecting the data contained in the exchanged messages
among services, which restrict the application range of these models and also the web service techniques. As new kind of services
with different protocols and communication methods have appeared, it is needed to model service composition from a new view
which is adapted to the new development in service area. In this paper we offer a function oriented model of service composition
which treats the composite service as a software system and specify the function of services which can be directly used to
the realization by service providers. 相似文献
19.
The author articulates key stressors in the lives of families who are homeless. These stresses often combine with barriers such as lack of job opportunities and/or insensitive professionals. Strategies for helping homeless families overcome these barriers and related issues are presented. 相似文献
20.
Anna Jones 《高等教育研究与发展》2004,23(2):167-181
This paper is an investigation of understandings of critical thinking from two teaching perspectives: academic staff and tutors. It explores critical thinking as situated within an assessment task in introductory macroeconomics. This study found that while the two academic staff conceptualized critical thinking as a set of concrete cognitive skills, the tutors challenged this notion. Although tutors used the way of understanding critical thinking identified by the academic staff in their teaching and marking, they also discussed broader notions of critical thinking that they saw as a fundamental aspect of the discipline. The paper examines the multiple constructions of critical thinking in this setting and its broader implications. 相似文献