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151.
Sian E. Slawson Paul P. Conway Jodi Cossor Nandini Chakravorti Andrew A. West 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):468-478
Abstract Work presented in this paper provides a methodology for categorising swimming start performance based on peak force production on the main block and footrest components of the Omega OSB11 starting block. A total of 46 elite British swimmers were tested, producing over 1000 start trials. Overwater cameras were synchronised to a specifically designed start block that allowed the measurement of force production via two sets of four, tri-axis, force transducers; one set in the main block and one in the footrest. Data were then analysed, segregating trials for gender. Each start was categorised, with respect to the peak force production in horizontal and vertical components, into one of nine categories. Three performance indicators, i.e. block time, take-off velocity and distance of entry, were used to assess whether differences in performance could be correlated with these categories. Results from these data suggest that swimmers generating higher than average peak forces were more likely to produce a better overall start performance than those who produced forces lower than the average, for this population of athletes. 相似文献
152.
Leo Hsu 《Sport, Education and Society》2013,18(1):143-154
The purpose of this study is to resolve ‘moral conflict’ in sport and to present a better approach with respect to right actions for sports participants. While acknowledging that there are many positive values or principles (e.g. Olympism) in sport, some ‘moral conflict’ in sport might still arise and therefore cannot be easily resolved. By introducing Hare's two levels of moral thinking (i.e. intuitive level and critical level), I first clarify the question ‘Why do moral conflicts appear?’ That moral conflicts may arise normally is because people or philosophers tend to think that moral principles ought to be simple and general. In the general situation, it would be fine to follow these kinds of principles when there is no conflicting situation. But in a particular context, there might be a problem. It would be impossible to resolve a conflicting problem if we do not think critically. Second, I suggest that ‘keep the rules’ can be seen as a prima facie principle or duty for sports participants. However, this prima facie principle may not be sufficient or appropriate to resolve the problem of conflict by using the intuitive thinking, since one might face a conflict between ‘keep the rules’ and ‘not to keep the rules’ and s/he cannot select in between. Thus, critical thinking is needed. Third, I try to differentiate critical thinking from intuitive thinking. Critical thinking aims not only to select the best set of prima facie principles for use in intuitive thinking, but also to resolve conflicts between them. So, if we are able to think critically, a prima facie duty sometimes can be overridden by other more important duties (sound and ethical) in a particular situation. However, as not all sports participants are capable enough to think critically, moral education regarding how to develop athletes' ‘critical thinking’ in sport is needed. It may be recommended that virtue ethics play an important role in sport not just through initiating participants into rule‐following but also in cultivating certain dispositions and educating their desires. As it is, what we also need is a good sports education system which can enlighten people toward a better understanding of sport and its values. 相似文献
153.
Associate Professor Keith Skamp 《Research in Science Education》1997,27(4):515-539
It is problematic whether primary teachers benefit by completing a first degree especially when the teaching of specific subjects,
here science, is the focus of attention. This study reports the comparative results of interviewing thirteen Canadian and
ten Australian student teachers, both about to commence their Bachelor of Education. The Canadian students had completed an
initial degree while nine of the Australian students were school leavers. The interviews, which explored views about teaching
primary science, were analysed with this factor in mind. Student teacher perceptions reported include: how to recognise a
“good” primary science teacher; perceptions of self as a “good” primary science teacher; expectations of how the teacher education
program could assist their science teaching; and whether (for the Canadian students) the initial degree will help in becoming
a primary science teacher. Analysis of the interviews suggests possible influences a first degree (among other factors) may
have on perceptions related to primary science teaching and raises questions about what is the best general approach for preparing
primary teachers to teach science effectivly. 相似文献
154.
Intuition was one of the four key themes for science education that emerged from the Woods Hole Conference in 1957. Despite
the considerable influence of this conference on a generation of curriculum projects the intuition theme was almost completely
ignored. Recent studies of intuition, including an analysis of Nobel laureates' views of scientific intuition, are considered.
This enables several conceptions of the nature and role of intuition in science to be defined, and its importance to be assessed.
The assumption that it is also important in science education is examined by considering conditions in science teaching and
learning that may encourage intuitive thinking in the light of current research developments that could lead to a new agenda
for school science.
Specializations: science and technology curriculum, environmental education, educational disadvantage.
Specializations: phenomenography, ways of knowing, higher education—teaching and learning. 相似文献
155.
Assoc. Professor Lesley M. Wilkes Dr. Judith E. Batts 《Research in Science Education》1991,21(1):328-336
Since the introduction of nursing into tertiary institutions in Australia in 1975, there has been increasing interest in the
teaching of physical science to nurses. Various courses in physical science for nurse students have been developed. They vary
in length and content but there is agreement that concepts taught should be closely related to nursing applications. The choice
of relevant concepts tends to be made by individual curriculum developers. This paper reports an examination of the use of
physical science concepts and their relevance from the perspective of registered nurses practising in general ward areas.
Inherent in this study is the premise that for registered nurses to have ideas of the physical science underlying their practice
they must have constructed meaning first for these concepts. Specific chemical concepts related to solutions are discussed
in these terms.
Specializations: phenomenology, thinking, caring, euthanasia and palliative care, curriculum development for nurses.
Specializations: thinking, science curricula for nurses, isotope geochemistry, mass spectrometry. 相似文献
156.
157.
Actuarial, medical and social data are reported on 50 psychiatric day hospital patients known to have abused their children and 50 non-abusers undergoing treatment at the same time. A sub-group of 30 of each completed personality and intelligence tests and the majority had electroencephalograms, and these results were compared with those of a group of 30 healthy mothers selected by health visitors for positive child-rearing abilities.Findings which confirms those of other studies of child abuse include youthfulness, a higher incidence of family violence from childhood onwards, more unplanned pregnancies and lower intelligence in the index group. In this sample, however, all social classes were represented, there was no significant differences in perinatal pathology between the groups, personality scored showed high morbidity in the patient groups but few distinctive features, and EEGs were not significantly more abnormal in the index group than in the two contrast groups. Moreover, the index group did not show the expected discrepancy between verbal and performance sub-tests on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.Treatment of the 50 child-abusers with their children resulted in a re-injury rate of 8% during the four year period of study. A scheme for early identification and prevention is outlined. 相似文献
158.
Professor Andrée Tiberghien 《Research in Science Education》1997,27(3):359-382
In this paper we discuss the articulation between teaching and learning, how to differentiate them and how to establish relations
between them, limiting ourselves to aspects dealing with knowledge. The aim is to allow the design of teaching situations
more relevant for learning. The characteristics differentiating teaching and learning are used to analyse research studies
relative to two time scales, one of the order of months or years and the other of the order of hours. The comparison shows
the importance of the grain size chosen to analyse the knowledge involved both in teaching and in learning. On the first scale,
the analysis of the students' knowledge and that of the knowledge to be taught are done independently to the extent that students'
knowledge is not analysed in reference to the knowledge to be taught (in terms of error or missing aspect) but on the basis
of the student's coherency. The decomposition of these two types of knowledge into similar components allows us to compare
them and leads us to propose “intermediate notions” between the usual physics knowledge to be taught and the students prior
knowledge. These intermediate notions can be rather far from complete correct physics knowledge but are learnable by the students.
On the second scale, detailed analysis of a single teaching session and the students' processes during this session needs
a fine level of knowledge granularity. Such a level allows us to make hypotheses based on the elements of students' prior
knowledge from which they can construct new knowledge and not only on the prior knowledge which has to be modified. This granularity
level allows an emphasis on the positive aspects of students' prior knowledge and enables us to construct hypothesis in order
to design teaching situations. Making explicit “intermediate notions” in the knowledge to be taught at a rather large level
of granularity of knowledge and the positive aspects of students' prior knowledge at a fine level of granularity, are proposed
as ways to improve teaching for fruitful learning. 相似文献
159.
Concluding Observations From the presentations of the survey outcomes is has become clear that substantial differences exist between both types of
institutions as well as between countries. To a large extent, the results for the universities in particular still reflect
the dominant notion of professional expertise, especially where the primary processes of teaching and research are concerned.
At the same time, it also has become clear that the role of the central institutional administration is a non-negligible factor
in higher education, especially for what we can call the ‘non-primary processes’ issues. With respect to differences between
countries, the study shows substantial variation between the countries. This alone appears to provide sufficient basis to
question the general assumption of the continental model. On the European continent clearly different institutional governance
systems exist, and it would appear logical to relate these to the different ways in which national governments in these systems
have changed their policies and policy priorities over the years. However, to shed further light on these differences, a more
detailed analysis of the data will have to be performed, for example relating the survey out-comes to differences in governmental
steering paradigms. 相似文献
160.
This study is based on case studies of five inner city schools and focuses on organisation and teaching approaches used by teachers of Year 2 classes. It also addresses teaching approaches adopted and support for children with ‘additional’ educational needs, operationalised in terms of both special educational needs (not necessarily statemented) and English language needs. Planning was almost universally carried out on a weekly basis, with longer‐term planning also being apparent. Varied responses in relation to teachers’ aims and teaching approaches adopted emerged. These were frequently reported to have changed as a result of the National Curriculum. The majority of teachers reported that they grouped children on the basis of their ability. Children with language needs and with special educational needs were not equally distributed amongst the schools in the study and the support available for these children differed markedly. The findings are discussed in the context of past research and current policy. 相似文献