Neutrinos from the Sun: The 2003 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to John Bahcall, Raymond Davis, Jr., and Masatoshi Koshiba

This award recognizes years of research by the laureates using elusive neutrinos to probe the internal workings of the sun. Bahcall and Davis identified an apparently fundamental problem: the fusion reactions that generate the sun's power deep in its core appeared to generate fewer neutrinos than expected. The number of neutrinos detected by Davis was only about a third the number calculated by Bahcall. Koshiba developed a new type of detector that not only confirmed the deficit but also showed that the neutrinos counted by Davis actually come from the Sun. Together the work of these three scientists prepared the way for the resolution of the puzzle, the discovery of a new property of neutrinos called “neutrino oscillations”. On the way from the sun, some neutrinos change identity and become nearly invisible in the detectors. This insight promises to open up new vistas in the fundamental physics of elementary particles.     

The 2005 Bower Award in science presented to Henri B. Kagan

The scientific theme for the 2005 Bower Award was Chemistry, specifically the field of Catalysis. The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2005 Bower Award and Prize for achievement in Science to Henri B. Kagan for his seminal discovery of fundamental chemical principles that explain the impact of catalyst shape on its effectiveness in controlling chemical reactions, thus greatly simplifying the manufacture of pharmaceutically important compounds. Henri Kagan is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of asymmetric catalysis. Starting in the early 1970s, his reports of the synthesis of the chiral bidentate diphosphine ligand and the demonstration of its use with soluble rhodium compounds to catalyze the efficient production of large enantiomeric excesses of chiral molecules in asymmetric hydrogenations has had far reaching effects on research in the field asymmetric catalysis. The concept of using chiral bidentate ligands of C2 symmetry has led the way for numerous developments in asymmetric catalysis. Later in 1986 his introduction of the concept and investigations into “nonlinear effects in asymmetric synthesis” using catalysts with chiral ligands that were not optically pure challenged the widely accepted assumption that the enantiomeric excess which is possible correlates linearly with the optical purity of the chiral ligands. He reported the first example in asymmetric catalysis where the optical purity of the product significantly exceeded the optical purity of the chiral ligand.     

An audit of technological innovation capabilities in chinese firms: some empirical findings in Beijing, China

Recent studies have advocated different technological innovation capabilities (TICs) and discussed their impact on a firm’s competitive performance. This paper introduces a study framework of innovation audit and examines the relevance of seven TICs to building and sustaining the competitiveness of Chinese firms. Empirical data was acquired through a recent study of 213 Chinese firms in Beijing, China. Regression analysis was employed to examine the correlation between TICs and innovation rate, sales growth, and product competitiveness among these firms. The findings verify that R&D and resources allocation capabilities are the two most important TICs. A strong R&D capability could safeguard innovation rate and product competitiveness in large and medium-sized firms, whereas a resources allocation capability would enhance the sales growth in small firms. However, the impact of learning and organising capabilities on a firm’s innovation performance has yet to be investigated.The findings of this paper suggest that Chinese firms should consider a more balanced focus on their TICs’ harmonising enhancement. In order to maintain their sustainable development, effectively plan and implement their innovation strategies as well as enhance their whole innovation capability, Chinese firms should closely relate their TICs to the formulation of technology strategy and harmonisation of innovation and R&D activities.     

POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE WITH IRON-YTTERBIUM DINUCLEAR METALLOCENE CATALYST

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个人防守能力探析

当前篮球运动发展特点之一,是防守技术更加积极、灵活和多变,提高防守的伸缩性和攻击性,成为制约对方获得胜利的重要战略手段。本文着重从个人防守技术在训练和比赛中的运用,以及每一名防守队员必须掌握的原则和必要的动作等方面进行了阐述。     

正确处理体育教学中的多种关系,努力提高教学质量

在体育教学中,正确处理其中的各种关系,合理组织教学,是提高教学质量的重要前提。本文对体育教学中的教与学、教书与育人、课内与课外、教学与场地器材、教学与科研等方面的关系进行了分析和论述。     

完善规范组织措施,提高教育实习质量

本文结合自己在参与教学管理及历年来指导教育实习过程中的经验、教训,对如何完善、规范教育实习工作流程提出了自己的见解,以提高教育实习质量,培养高素质体育专门人才     

《体育测量学》教学改革之我见

本文就《体育测量学》教学在实现从“知识教育”向“素质教育”的转变过程中,有关教学目标、教学内容、教学方法等方面的改革,提出了探讨和思考意见。     

谈大学生练太极拳的意义

本文结合自己多年的教学实践就大学生练太极拳的意义谈几点粗浅的看法,旨在引起大学生的重视,调动他们的兴趣,并加以普及。     

1978-1996年我国报纸体育信息传播的体裁变化

本文对我国改革开放以来１９７８—１９９６年的五家报纸：《人民日报》、《中国青年报》、《北京晚报》、《新民晚报》、《中国体育报》的体育信息传播的体裁变化情况进行了定性与定量的分析,力求全面认识我国报纸体育新闻发展的特点和规律。文章认为,我国新时期报纸体育信息的报道已经形成了以消息为主,通讯、特写为辅,并以新闻图片为特色形式的多种体裁并举的格局。