Energy turnover during 24 hours and 6 days of adventure racing

Abstract

Energy turnover was assessed in two conditions of mixed ultra-endurance exercise. In Study 1, energy expenditure and intake were measured in nine males in a laboratory over 24 h. In Study 2, energy expenditure was assessed in six males during an 800-km Adventure race (mean race time 152.5 h). Individual correlations between heart rate and oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂) were established during pre-tests when kayaking, cycling, and running. During exercise, energy expenditure was estimated from continuous heart rate recordings. Heart rate and [Vdot]O₂ were measured regularly during fixed cycling work rates to correct energy expenditure for drift in oxygen pulse. Mean energy expenditure was 18,050 ± 2,390 kcal (750 ± 100 kcal · h^?1) and 80,000 ± 18,000 kcal (500 ± 100 kcal · h^?1) in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively, which is higher than previously reported. Energy intake in Study 1 was 8,450 ± 1,160 kcal, resulting in an energy deficit of 9,590 ± 770 kcal. Body mass decreased in Study 1 (?2.3 ± 0.8 kg) but was unchanged in Study 2. Fat mass decreased in Study 2 (?2.3 ± 1.5 kg). In Study 1, muscle glycogen content decreased by only 60%. Adventure racing requires a high energy expenditure, with large inter-individual variation. A large energy deficit is caused by inadequate energy intake, possibly due to suppressed appetite and gastrointestinal problems. The oxygen pulse, comparing start to 12 h of exercise and beyond, increased by 10% and 5% in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively. Hence, estimations of energy expenditure from heart rate recordings should be corrected according to this drift.     

A plea for mixed methods approaches in research on teaching in physical education

Research on teaching in Physical Education (RT-PE) comprises a great deal of complex phenomena. These can be understood at a more profound level by using mixed methods research approaches (MMR). Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze potentials and limitations of mixed methods research in RT-PE, also trying to generate an additional value for MMR.     

公民社会理念下的学校治理与校长权力

社会结构变迁促使公民社会成为社会主义和谐社会的重要组成部分。本土化的公民社会理念为学校变革提供了背景因素和理念支持。学校变革不仅要适应这种外部环境的变化,也要主动开辟一种治理的路径。这种路径分为对学校的治理和学校共同体内的道德领导。在此二重作用下,校长权力在本义、来源和运行上都将发生深刻的变化。     

论自主、合作、探究学习

新课程提倡自主、合作、探究学习。自主学习的内涵包括主动性、独立性、自控性,在实践中应处理好教师主导性和学生主体性的关系;合作学习的内涵包括交往性、互动性,在实践中应处理好合作与学习、竞争、独立的关系,教师和学生的关系;探究学习的内涵包括问题性、过程性、开放性,在实践中应处理好形和神的关系。不能把自主、合作、探究学习形式化、绝对化,要学会全面辩证地看待自主、合作、探究学习。     

Volkserziehung in Peru: Die Wiedergewinnung des Alltäglichen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

人之悟感发展与教育的生本化改革

悟感是一种前意识现象,其主要功能在于提供产生感悟的基础和激活思想。悟感在人的精神生活中起着普遍的基础性作用,具有可求同性、能动性、对于符号世界的蕴涵性以及使认识回归本体的还原性。儿童的悟感与生俱来,又在他们的自主活动中发展,因而儿童是最重要的教育资源。教育要取得成效,就要高度尊重和全面依靠学生,即实施生本教育。