VEIEN TIL OG GJENNOM GYMNASET I NORGE

Brusling, C. 1973. Composition Training. Scand. J. educ. Res. 17, 11‐22. From principles of the psychology of learning a method of stimulating practice in composition was derived. The method was tested in a sample of 120 pupils in the third grade of the elementary school. Measures of quantity, counts of words, as well as measures of quality (ratings) were gathered and used in the evaluation of the results. A comparison was made between the usual univariate form of statistical analysis and the multivariate technique of discriminant analysis. The latter was shown not to yield the easily interpreted results often claimed as one of the virtues of the method.

Generally, the results support the hypothesis that the experimental treatment should be more effective than the control treatment.     

The Influence of Teachers in the Operation of Basic Schools in Iceland1

The governance of basic schools (grades 1–10) in Iceland was transferred from state control to municipal control in 1995 with a new Basic School Act. This transfer was in line with the emphasis on school‐based management that was stressed in the Act. This policy was criticised by many, including teachers and their union representatives. Research indicates that basic principals are very pleased with their new working environment, but showed indication of dissatisfaction amongst teachers. Accordingly, it was of interest to investigate how this policy has influenced the working environment of basic school teachers: Has it facilitated increased autonomy of schools? Has it enhanced participative decision‐making and co‐operation amongst teachers? What kind of pressures and expectations has it generated from parents and municipal educational authorities? A questionnaire was sent to a sample of 750 teachers during the spring of 2005. The findings indicate that there seems to be a gap emerging between the perceived professional independence of schools and the professional independence of teachers. This study also indicates that the general teacher wants to be more involved in decision‐making in his/her school in areas such as development projects, in‐service planning and distribution of financial resources. The study also shows that external demands and pressures on teachers have increased considerably, particularly in urban areas.     

Predictors of Gender Inequalities in the Rank of Full Professor

This article examines whether age, work-related, and family-related predictors explain differences in the academic advancement of women and men in Iceland. Survey data were analyzed by binary logistic regression. The findings put that women climb the academic career ladder at a slower pace than men. This finding puts one of the widely known excuses for the underrepresentation of women in full professor positions into jeopardy, namely that this is because of family responsibilities. Work-related variables explain some of the gender differences. The study shows that as promotion is slower among women, even if family-related variables are not negatively affecting the odds, the academic pipeline is leaking despite Iceland's reputation for being at the forefront where gender equality issues are concerned.     

Construir la realidad

RESUMEN

El autor parte del postulado de que el entorno, tal como lo percibimos, es invención nuestra y propone una serie de experimentos para demostrarlo. Plantea que el conocimiento es una computación de la realidad y que los procesos cognitivos son procesos de computación recurrente. Con el fin de entender esta computación a nivel neural se describe la estructura de las neuronas y el proceso de la transmisión sináptica, poniéndose como ejemplo la percepción visual. El sistema nervioso tiene además una unidad funcional y sus computaciones están sujetas a una constricción no-trivial, organizándose de tal modo que computa una realidad estable. Este nuevo postulado estipula la autonomía y la autorregulación de todo ser viviente.     

Looking back on experienced teachers’ reflections: how did pre-service school practice support the development of self-efficacy?

This research focuses on experienced Estonian teachers’ pre-service school practice. Each one of the 19 teachers interviewed in this study had over 25?years of professional experience. We were interested in their recollections of their pre-service school practice and the impact that their experience had on them professionally. The results indicate the importance of support systems and a cooperative atmosphere in the school, both of which enable a beginning teacher’s self-efficacy. Despite the lack of explicit support structures from the 1960s to the 1980s, implicit support existed and played an important role in facilitating the development of student teachers’ self-efficacy.     

Profiling interest of students in science: Learning in school and beyond

The investigation evaluates the effectiveness of six instructional programmes with Bahraini secondary students in the age range 13‐17. Each programme was concerned with a different aspect of a spatial task in relation to diagrams of three‐dimensional structures. Pre‐tests for each of these different tasks revealed that performance increased significantly with chronological age. All programmes brought about a significant degree of learning over all the age‐groups. However, the pre‐existing differences between the age groups remained after instruction. For the programme concerned with visualising rotations, the 17‐year olds improved their scores significantly more than the 13‐ and 15‐year olds.     

论孟子对孔子德育思想的传承与弘扬

儒家创始人孔子以"礼"、"仁"之教开创了我国古代道德教育的先河,孟子不仅传承了孔子的德育思想,而且还有一定的创新和发展。孟子由"仁"及"义",丰富并拓展了道德教育的核心内容;由"当仁不让于师"到"尽信书则不如无书",注重对学生道德批判性思维能力的培养;由"性相近"到"性本善",明确承认并肯定人性的光辉;由"有教无类"到"居移气,养移体",坚信教育对人的品德形成发展所起的重要作用;由"君子求诸己"到"尚志养气"、"反求诸己",充分肯定了人的自我教育的主体性作用;由"必因其材而笃焉"到"君子之所以教者五",提出了因材施教的具体方法。