Helping the One You Hurt: Toddlers’ Rudimentary Guilt,Shame, and Prosocial Behavior After Harming Another

This study explored the role of guilt and shame in early prosocial behavior by extending previous findings that guilt‐ and shame‐like responses can be distinguished in toddlers and, for the first time, examining their associations with helping. Toddlers (n = 32; M_age = 28.9 months) were led to believe they broke an adult's toy, after which they exhibited either a guilt‐like response that included frequently confessing their behavior and trying to repair the toy; or a shame‐like response that included frequently avoiding the adult and seldom confessing or attempting to repair the toy. In subsequent prosocial tasks, children showing a guilt‐like response helped an adult in emotional distress significantly faster and more frequently than did children showing a shame‐like response.     

Reading nonfiction text on an iPad in a secondary classroom

The intent of this research was to investigate the experiences of eighth grade readers as they read nonfiction text on an iPad for academic purposes. We investigated reading strategies that students use to support their reading as well as what role iPad features played in the reading process. New literacies, metacognition and transactional theories informed the framework. Multiple data sources were used to triangulate findings and included (a) retrospective think alouds, (b) student iPad survey, (c) pre and post study student interviews, (d) Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory and (e) student observations. Data for the collective case study participants focused on the identification of proficient readers who displayed confidence, competency, and control over text. Themes identified in the collective case studies included (a) reading comprehension strategies, (b) nonfiction features and (c) iPad features to support their reading of nonfiction on the iPad.     

Handling math expressions in economics: recoding spreadsheet teaching tool of growth models

In the present paper, we develop a teaching methodology for economic theory. The main contribution of this paper relies on combining the interactive characteristics of spreadsheet programs such as Excel and Unicode plain-text linear format for mathematical expressions. The advantage of Unicode standard rests on its ease for writing and reading mathematical expressions. In this sense, our proposal allows incorporating an easily readable and writable methodology to cope with math expressions when interactive spreadsheets are used and designed in Economics teaching. The resulting nearly plain text can be used with few or no modifications in other numerical computing programs.     

硅酸盐-盐（硫酸盐）流体不混溶：蒙古南部Mushugai-Khuduk含火成碳酸岩杂岩体矿物中的熔体包裹体研究

Crystalline and melt inclusions were studied in garnet, diopside, potassium feldspar, and sphene from the garnet syenite porphyry of the carbonatite-bearing complex Mushugai-Khuduk, southern Mongolia. Phlogopite, clinopyroxene, albite, potassium feldspar, sphene, wollastonite, magnetite, Ca and Sr sulfates, fluorite, and apatite were identified among the crystalline inclusions. The melt inclusions were homogenized at 1010℃～1080℃ and analyzed on an electron microprobe. Silicate, salt, and combined silicate-salt melt inclusions were found. Silicate melts show considerable variations in SiO2 concentration （56 to 66wt% ）, high Na2O ＋ K20 （up to 17wt% ）, and elevated Zr, F, and Cl contents. In terms of bulk rock chemistry, the silicate melts are alkali syenites. During thermometric experiments, salt melt inclusions quenched into homogeneous glasses of predominantly sulfate compositions containing no more than 1.3wt% SiO2. These melts are enriched in alkalis, Ba, Sr, P, F, and Cl. The investigation of the silicate and salt melt inclusions in minerals of the garnet syenite porphyries indicate that these rocks were formed under influence of the processes of crystallization differentiation and magma separation into immiscible silicate and salt （sulfate）liquids.     

Subspace design of low-rank estimators for higher-order statistics

Higher-order statistics (HOS) are well known for their robustness to additive Gaussian noise and ability to preserve phase. HOS estimates, on the other hand, have been criticized for high complexity and the need for long data in order to maintain small variance. Since rank reduction offers a general principle for reduction of estimator variance and complexity, we consider the problem of designing low-rank estimators for HOS. We propose three methods for choosing the transformation matrix that reduces the mean-square error (MSE) associated with the low-rank HOS estimates. We also demonstrate the advantages of using low-rank third-order moment estimates for blind system estimation. Results indicate that the full rank MSE corresponding to some data length N can be attained by a low-rank estimator corresponding to a length significantly smaller than N.     

青海省布青山早古生代末期埃达克岩的发现及其构造意义

在青藏高原北部阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带布青山段首次发现了埃达克岩,它们多呈不规则岩脉状侵入于布青山地区北部早古生代蛇绿混杂岩中.其岩性为花岗-英云闪长岩,主矿物有斜长石、石英、黑云母、角闪石、少量钾长石和辉石;副矿物有榍石、磷灰石、锆石和磁铁矿等.属钙碱系列,具典型（Ⅰ类、O型、HSA）埃达克岩的地球化学特征,表现为：高SiO：（63.65%～71.59%）,高Al2O3（14.81%～16.11%）,高Na2O（4.68%～5.33%）和Na2O/K2O（1.48～3.08,平均2.39）,高Sr（444.08×10^-6～560.41×10^-6）和Sr/Y（50.8～105.3）,HREE强烈亏损,低Yb（0.38×10^-6～0.74×10^-6）,高La/Yb（44.93～90.97）,弱负Eu异常（δEu=0.74～0.90）,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）,Ba、Pb正异常而Nb、P负异常.获得布青山埃达克岩的锆石TIMS U-Pb年龄为402±24Ma.布青山埃达克岩熔体来自俯冲的昆祁秦洋壳（含海洋沉积物）在石榴石角闪岩相条件下部分熔融,主要残留相为石榴石（±角闪石）.布青山埃达克岩的发现指示早古生代末期洋壳（昆祁秦多岛洋的一部分）俯冲作用的存在,俯冲方向朝北（现在方位）,此前,俯冲带发生长时间的向洋迁移,早古生代末期俯冲带已后退到阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂岩带以南;暗示典型埃达克岩也可以形成于洋壳俯冲晚期;提示阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带可能有与典型埃达克岩有关的Au、Ag、Cu、Mo等热液和斑岩矿床.