当代自由主义的困境——论哈耶克、约翰·顿、罗尔斯和罗蒂

非常感谢高瑞泉教授的邀请,使我十分荣幸能有机会来华东师范大学主持第九期大夏讲坛。今天我演讲的题目是“当代自由主义的困境——论哈耶克、约翰&;#183;顿、罗尔斯和罗蒂”。正如在座诸位知道的那样,这个演讲其实是我这次在华东师范大学系列演讲的第三讲。前两讲的题目分别是“人类学文化观念中的知识论意蕴”和“文化观念中的知识论意蕴：中西哲学的讨论”,其出发点就是去探讨如何以哲学思辩的方式来会通中西。     

让我们更多地认识城市与城市研究(二)

本文是美国圣地亚哥大学教授詹姆斯·A·克莱普2008年4月在北京城市学院的演讲,演讲共三场。为便于读者全面地理解克莱普教授的演讲内容,全部演讲内容被编译成一篇。本文是根据演讲记录稿整理后,经克莱普教授本人审定英文稿编译。     

Identification with sport teams as a function of the search for certainty

Based on ideas from subjective uncertainty reduction theory, we examined the extent to which individuals hold similar sport team preferences to their family and friends. We also assessed the extent to which perceived sport importance and personal need for structure are influential in the development of team identification. Australian high school students aged 15.5+/-1.0 years (mean+/-s) completed questionnaires containing the Personal Need for Structure Scale, the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal scale, a Team Identification Scale, and items assessing perceptions of sport importance and team preferences. As expected, correlations indicated that preferences for sport teams were significantly related to the preferences of family and friends. Separate analyses of variance confirmed the remaining hypotheses. More specifically, individuals who perceived that sport was important identified with the team more than individuals who perceived sport to be less important. Also, individuals high in personal need for structure scored higher in cognitive/affective team identification than those low in this need. Individuals with differing needs for structure did not differ in their scores on other dimensions of team identification. The results support the notion that cognitive/emotional attachments to sport teams are influenced by perceptions of the importance of sport and by needs for subjective structure. It is possible that other psychological motives, such as the desire for self-esteem, facilitate the development of evaluative dimensions of team identification.     

Food attitudes in female athletes: association with menstrual cycle length

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between indicators of risk of disordered eating, body image and varied menstrual cycle lengths. Altogether, 151 female athletes were invited from 16 sports and 70 female non-athletic controls were recruited from a university lecture class. The participants completed several surveys, including demographics, menstrual cycle history, physical activity, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Selected EDI subscales were summed to reflect eating disorder risk and body image. Menstrual cyclicity was based on self-reported cycle length for the last 6 months (normal cycles = 26-32 days, irregular cycles < or =26 or >32 days). Athletes overall had more irregular cycles (29.1%) than the non-athletes (15.7%) (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in scores for eating disorder risk, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, cognitive restraint (TFEQ) and disinhibition (TFEQ), only when athletes were divided based on menstrual cyclicity (i.e. irregularly cycling athletes had higher scores than athletes with normal menstrual cycle lengths). No differences in these scores were found between non-athletes with normal or irregular menstrual cycle lengths. In conclusion, irregularly short or long menstrual cycle length is associated with subtle indications of higher risk of disordered eating in female athletes.     

An On-line Search for Optimum Operating Conditions of Noisy Systems

Optimum process operating conditions are often achieved by on-line computer programming. A general method has been developed which is capable of optimizing processes whose responses are corrupted by random error. The method is particularly useful for application to processes whose response functions contain sharp ridges. Application to ridge and non-ridge systems gives the same results in each case showing that the rate of convergence of the search is totally unaffected by the presence of a ridge. An accelarated gradient method is used which obtains its derivatives from a quadratic interpolation. The inability of the gradient method to move along a ridge is overcome by projecting a straight line through points on the ridge to obtain new starting points for a gradient search. Points on the ridge are located by finding the stationary point of the polynomial which is constructed by regression through points found by the gradient search. The method is applied to several test functions known to the literature—a fast convergence rate is obtained for a wide range of noise levels.     

Fact and fantasy in chemical analysis

Chemical analysis is now so precise and sophisticated a science that it is difficult to appreciate that scarcely a century ago its deficiencies were a cause for public scandal. This article reviews some of the main causes for complaint and how they were remedied.     

Infant visual acuity as a function of viewing distance.

Dynamic retinoscopy has suggested that near vision may be more acute than far vision during early infancy. To test this, acuity thresholds were determined by presenting square wave gratings in a preference paradigm to 1- and 2-month-old human infants at 4 viewing distances. Gratings were paired with unpatterned fields; direction of first fixation was the dependent measure. Infants exhibited the same acuity at each of the distances at which gratings were presented. The results were interpreted as compatible with the fact that considerable optical defocusing does not seriously affect a visual system, such as the infant's, that is sensitive only to low spatial frequencies.     

The relative efficacy of vestibular-proprioceptive stimulation and the upright position in enhancing visual pursuit in neonates.

48 healthy neonates born to multiparae were randomly assigned to view a moving stimulus either in the horizontal or the upright position, with or without added vestibular stimulation and with or without pacifier sucking. The infant was shown a moving black line inside a strictly controlled visual environment provided by an apparatus which permitted horizontal and upright positioning and displacement of the infant. Visual tracking was recorded by a concealed TV camera positioned at a constant distance and angle from the infants' eyes in both positions. Quality of tracking during each of 4 trials was scored on a 7-point scale. Results indicate that vestibularproprioceptive stimulation provided to the infant either horizontally or semivertically significantly enhanced his visual tracking, whereas the upright position did not. Pacifier sucking also improved his performace.