Dubious Early Medieval Jewels from Matzhausen (Bavaria): New Material and Technological Investigations

ABSTRACT

A controversial set of elite jewels assumed to be of early medieval period, recovered in 1937–1938 from a burial site in Matzhausen (northeastern Bavaria) was investigated to determine their technological coherency as well as their authenticity. The discovery of these jewels was exploited by German nationalists to argue that the material culture observed in Bohemia and Moravia in the ninth century had Germanic roots. The circumstances of their discovery, however, remain unclear. Research in archives demonstrated the involvement of the SS Ahnenerbe organisation in the recovery of the jewels. Are these jewels authentic or are they forgeries manufactured or modified by a modern craftsman to serve German expansionist nationalism? Three jewels recovered in the grave – a gombik (hollow spherical pendant), an earring with chainlet, and a zoomorphic figurine – were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-radiography, and stereomicroscopy. The investigation revealed a very heterogeneous set of objects with respect to technology and state of preservation. It also uncovered repairs and past invasive interventions involving modern metal and solder. Comparison with similar types of jewels from Bohemia and Moravia points to important differences in construction and technology, which confirms the uniqueness of this set of objects and casts suspicion on their authenticity.     

When Glass and Metal Corrode Together,V: Sodium Copper Formate

A sodium copper formate, first described in 2002, can also form on copper alloys with sodium originating from soda glass hydrolysis. The frequent occurrence (50% of 250 cases of glass-induced metal corrosion) is due to the presence of formaldehyde emissions in storage and its direct reaction to formate in the alkaline surface films. The compound can be produced without the presence of acetate when chalconatronite or metal coupons immersed in soda solution are exposed to formaldehyde vapours. The crystal structure, derived from X-ray powder diffraction, yielded the sum formula Cu₄Na₄O(HCOO)₈(OH)₂·4H₂O. Except for the absence of acetate in the structure, this is in good agreement with the 2002 publication. To assess which kind of combined glass/metal objects are affected, a number of large museum collections were surveyed. Sodium copper formate was detected as a corrosion product using mainly micro-Raman spectroscopy, for instance, on 18 painted Limoges enamels, eight glass vessels with metal mountings, glass beads on metal wire from 11 bridal crowns, nine Christmas tree balls with wire decoration, 40 pieces of jewellery with glass gems, three daguerreotypes, and one miniature with cover glasses.     

廉泉与文明书局

清末,廉泉与俞复等创办了文明书局,以出版新式教科书闻名业内.廉泉支持赵鸿雪采用新工艺,研制珂罗版等技术,提高了书业的印刷工艺;廉泉在人才培养和作者发掘方面也颇具眼光,文明书局成为汇聚人才的渊薮;同时,廉泉注重版权维护,与盗版、翻印行为做斗争,成为近代出版的先驱.     

影响体育消费者购买行为的经济学分析

运用文献资料、逻辑推理、归纳演绎等方法,从体育消费者自身角度出发,对影响体育消费者购买行为的经济学因素进行深入分析,旨在探明制约我国体育消费水平的主要原因,以期为相关体育产业部门制定营销计划和战略选择提供理论参考,进而推动我国体育消费水平的不断提高。     

对我国体育品牌客户满意度结构模型的探索

随着经济的快速发展和市场经济体制的不断完善,客户满意和客户忠诚已经成为当前我国体育品牌在激烈的全球化市场竞争中能否取得成功的关键因素。本研究基于经典的顾客满意度指数结构模型,尝试建立我国体育品牌客户满意度的数学结构模型。同时采用层次分析法（AHP）确定评价指标的权重系数,并对该结构模型方程的求解过程进行探讨。