Maintenance of keypecking in pigeons by a food avoidance but not by a shock avoidance contingency

Response key illuminations were followed by food delivery or shock, and keypecks were programmed to prevent the occurrence of whichever stimulus was scheduled. At high shock intensity, pigeons did not peck: at low shock intensity, pigeons pecked in about half of the trials. When different key colors signaled food and shock trials, pigeons pecked on food trials, thus preventing food delivery, but not on shock trials, thus failing to avoid shock delivery. That pecks occurred despite the fact that they avoided food but did not occur when they avoided shock is taken as evidence that the keypeck is frequently governed by biological predispositions, and not by its consequences.     

Assessing the psychosocial environment of science classes in Catholic secondary schools

Much Catholic school and church rhetoric suggests that Catholic schools possess distinctive learning environments. Research into this aspect of Catholic schooling has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate assessment instrument. By drawing on contemporary church literature, the perceptions of personnel involved in Catholic education and existing classroom environment questionnaires, a new instrument was developed to assess student perceptions of classroom psychosocial environment in Catholic schools. The use of this instrument in 64 classrooms in Catholic and Government schools indicated significant differences on some scales. The distinctive nature of Catholic schooling did not extend to all classroom environment dimensions deemed important to Catholic education. Specializations: Catholic education, learning environments. Specializations: conceptual change in students, science teacher professional development, scientific reasoning, learning environments. Specializations: learning environments, science education, educational evaluation, curriculum.     

Research on Teacher Effectiveness: Implications for Remedial Teachers

Over the past decade considerable progress has been made in defining and describing teacher behaviours associated with high levels of pupil achievement. Collectively described as teacher effectiveness research, this body of knowledge is now influencing conceptions of effective teaching in special education settings. What is unclear, however, is the extent to which special education teachers are aware of this research, perceive it to be important, and actually use the findings in their day‐to‐day teaching. Nor is it clear what, if any, modifications are needed when findings are applied to instruction with low achieving and mildly handicapped children. The present study addresses the questions of the perceived importance of and the need for adaptations to teacher effectiveness findings as they relate to a sample of Queensland remedial teachers.     

What does it mean to be an exemplary science teacher?

In order to provide a refreshing alternative to the majority of research reports, which malign science education and highlight its major problems and shortcomings, a series of case studies of exemplary practice was initiated to provide a focus on the successful and positive facets of schooling. The major data-collection approach was qualitative and involved 13 researchers in hundreds of hours of intensive classroom observation involving 20 exemplary teachers and a comparison group of nonexemplary teachers. A distinctive feature of the methodology was that the qualitative information was complemented by quantitative information obtained from the administration of questionnaires assessing student perceptions of classroom psychosocial environment. The major trends were that exemplary science teachers (1) used management strategies that facilitated sustained student engagement, (2) used strategies designed to increase student understanding of science, (3) utilized strategies that encouraged students to participate in learning activities, and (4) maintained a favorable classroom learning environment.     

Children's Responses to Contrasting `Realistic' Mathematics Problems: Just how realistic are children ready to be?

In recent years there has been an increasing emphasis within the world of mathematics education on realistic problem solving. At the same time research has shown that children typically remain apparently unwilling or unable to introduce realistic considerations when solving supposedly realistic word problems, though research has also shown that children's behaviour in this domain does vary as a function of the nature of the item, its context and the child's social background. This paper analyses 11–12 year-old English children's responses to two realistic problems. The first is taken from English national tests; the second is a revised version of this item which has been rewritten to encourage a more realistic pattern of responses. Through a comparison of responses to the two items it is suggested that, given suitable realistic problems, many children may be more willing and able to introduce realistic responses in a testing context than earlier research might lead us to expect.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Student attitudes to UNDP Social Science curriculum in Fiji — Personal and environmental influences

A sample of 834 seventh grade students in Fiji participated in an evaluation of the UNDP Social Science curriculum by responding to questionnaires measuring attitudes to or perceptions of three important curriculum process criteria (Interest, Ease and Adequacy of Time). The three major purposes of the evaluation were to provide formative information to guide curriculum revision, to provide summative information about the overall efficacy of the curriculum, and to explore the differential suitability of the curriculum for students varying in personal and environmental characteristics. Examination of means on individual questionnaire items led to the identification of certain curriculum activities requiring modification to improve their level of Interest, Ease, or Adequacy of Time. The finding that the mean score was relatively high for most questionnaire items suggested that the majority of activities in the curriculum were perceived by students as interesting and easy and having sufficient time for completion. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a block of personal variables and a block of environmental variables, but not a block of person-environment interactions, accounted for a significant amount of variance in the three process criteria. In particular, it was found that student attitudes to the curriculum varied systematically with certain personal variables (e.g., student general interest in social science, student ethnicity) and environmental variables (e.g., school location, teacher training).

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Zusammenfassung Eine Stichprobe von 834 Schülern des siebten Schuljahres auf den Fidschi-Inseln, die an einer Auswertung des UNDP sozialwissenschaftlichen Curriculums teilnahmen, indem sie Fragebogen beantworteten, welche die Einstellungen oder Wahrnehmungen dreier wichtiger Curriculumentwicklungskriterien (Interesse, Schwierigkeitsgrad und Angemessenheit des Zeitansatzes) maßen. Die drei Hauptziele der Auswertung waren, Hinweise zur Gestaltung als Anleitung zur Curriculumsüberarbeitung zu geben, zusammenfassende Information über die Gesamtwirkung des Curriculums zu erteilen, und die unterschiedliche Eignung des Curriculums für Schüler zu untersuchen, die in persönlichen und umweltbedingten Merkmalen abweichen. Die Untersuchung der Werte der individuellen Fragebogenpunkte führte zur Identifikation bestimmter Curriculumaktivitäten, die Veränderungen erforderten, um das Interessenniveau, den Schwierigkeitsgrad oder die Angemessenheit des Zeitansatzes zu verbessern. Die Feststellung, daß die durchschnittliche Punktzahl für die meisten Fragebogenpunkte relativ hoch war, legte nahe, daß die Mehrzahl der Aktivitäten im Curriculum von den Schülern als interessant, leicht und als zeitausreichend empfunden wurde. Multiple Regressionsanalysen zeigten, daß ein Block von persönlichen Variablen und ein Block von Umweltvariablen, aber kein Block von Person-, Umwelt-Interaktionen, Rechenschaft ablegten über einen signifikanten Betrag von Varianz in den drei Entwicklungskriterien. Im besonderen stellte sich heraus, daß die Einstellungen von Schülern zum Curriculum sich systematisch veränderten mit bestimmten persönlichen Variablen (z.B. allgemeines Interesse der Schüler an Sozialwissenschaften, ethnische Zugehörigkeit der Schüler) und durch Umweltvariablen (z.B. Schulstandort, Lehrerausbildung).

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Résumé Aux îles Fidgi, un échantillon de 834 élèves du 7ième degré a participé à une évaluation du curriculum des sciences sociales de l'UNDP en remplissant des questionnaires qui mesuraient leurs attitudes vis-à-vis de trois critères importants du processus curriculaire ainsi que leurs perceptions de ces critères (intérêt, facilité et convenance du temps alloué). Les trois principaux objectifs de l'évaluation consistaient à apporter une information formative pour guider la révision du curriculum, à donner ensuite une information globale sur l'ensemble de l'efficacité du curriculum et enfin à explorer la convenance différentielle du curriculum pour les étudiants qui présentent des caractéristiques personnelles différentes et dont l'environnement diffère. L'examen des données moyennes de certains points du questionnaire a conduit à l'identification de certaines activités du curriculum qui ont nécessité une modification pour améliorer leur niveau d'intérêt, de facilité et de convenance du temps alloué. Le fait que la moyenne était relativement élevée pour la plupart des points du questionnaire laissait supposer que la majorité des activités de ce curriculum étaient intéressantes, faciles pour les étudiants et réalisables dans le temps alloué. Plusieurs analyses régressives ont montré qu'un bloc de variables personnelles et un bloc de variables liées à l'environnement, mais non pas un bloc d'interactions entre personnes et environnement, étaient responsables d'une grande variation des trois critères du processus. Il s'est avéré en particulier que les attitudes des étudiants vis-à-vis du curriculum variaient systématiquement en fonction de certaines variables personnelles (intérêt général des étudiants pour les sciences sociales, l'origine des étudiants) et de variables liées à l'environnement (emplacement de l'école, formation des enseignants).

     

School reading volunteers: results of a postal survey of primary school head teachers in England

This article reports the results of a postal survey of primary school head teachers in England carried out in order to take a broad ‘sounding’ of mainstream practice with respect to volunteer help with reading within schools. The objective was to build up a general picture of the scale of the practice in schools and of its significance to teachers. From an initial random sample of 500 schools, an overall response rate of 76 per cent was achieved. Issues raised by the results include: (i) the special status of reading in the relationship between home and school; (ii) the issues of professionalism raised by head teachers with respect to the use of volunteer reading helpers; (iii) the question of whether parents' help with school reading can in all cases legitimately be called ‘parental’; and (iv) the relationship between volunteer help with reading and teachers' working conditions in a contracting education service.