The biomechanics of javelin throwing: a review

In this paper, the scientific literature and that on the sports sciences relevant to javelin throwing is critically reviewed. This is particularly timely because of the change in the specification of the javelin for the men's event, which was introduced by the IAAF in 1986. A full discussion of the aerodynamics of the javelin is presented with due consideration of the change in pitching moment characteristics that the rules change had brought about. The uses and limitations of current computer programs for simulating javelin flight, in order to estimate optimal release parameters, are profiled. Consideration is also given to the effects of wind velocity, air density, javelin weight and the flutter and spin of the javelin on its flight. The review further considers the optimization of release parameters, drawing upon computer simulations and field-based data. The effects of release speed, release height, release angle, release angle of attack and release pitch rate are assessed. The javelin throwing technique is discussed in relation to cinematographically derived data, including an evaluation of experimental procedures. The importance to successful performance of the grip, the run-up and transition phases, the cross over and delivery strides are each reviewed. Finally, some prognoses as to the direction of future research into this complex throwing skill are offered.     

Trends and Tensions in IT Policy in Universities

This paper charts developments in information technology policy in British universities from the creation of the Computer Board for Universities and Research Councils to the present day. Focusing on institutional issues, the various organizational tensions are examined in the context of quasi-collegial policy formulation and management. The impact of operational tensions, arising from a variety of external and internal influences on the implementation of policy, is similarly assessed. The paper concludes with an outline of likely future trends.     

The relationships among some components of student-centred inquiry methods and students' perceptions of the outcomes of biology teaching

Conclusions The results of this study suggest that an analytic approach to classroom research is worth pursuing. It was found possible to identify and measure components of “student-centred inquiry” teaching which were not highly intercorrelated. It was also found that these components were differentially related to student outcomes. It would be desirable to establish whether the same relationships hold in different educational situations or when different measures are used. In particular, the relationships between teacher-pupil relationships and affective outcomes and between student decision making and cognitive process outcomes seem worthy of further investigation. This paper is based on work done at The Ohio State University in partial fulfilment of requirements for the Ph.D. Particular acknowledgement is given to the author's advisor, Dr Robert W. Howe, for his encouragement and guidance.     

Democratic and Anti-Democratic Regulators of the Internet: A Framework

We employ Lessig's framework of regulation to conceptualize the relationship between the Internet and democracy. Lessig defines four classes of regulators, forces that control and define systems such as the Internet. They are markets, architectures, norms, and laws. We propose that a “democratic regulator” is a force that serves to enhance civil or political liberties. And we argue by example that there are democratic (and, indeed, anti-democratic) regulators that control aspects of cyberspace. Expressing the democratic effects of the Internet in this manner may prove useful for future comparisons across existing Internet and democracy theories, especially in the realm of quantitative analyses.