The effect of smartphones and playing video games on decision-making in soccer players: A crossover and randomised study

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of the use of social networks in smartphones or playing video games on the passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes. Participants were 25 male professional soccer athletes (mean ± SD: age 23.4 ± 2.8 years). The participants performed three randomised conditions divided into three groups: control (CON), smartphone (SMA), and video game (VID). Before and after each experimental condition, the Stroop Task assessed the level of induced mental fatigue. Then, the athletes performed a simulated soccer match. A CANON® camera recorded the matches for further analysis on passing decision-making performance. A group effect was identified (p < .01) with impairment on passing decision-making performance for the SMA (p = .01, ES = 0.5) and VID (p = .01, ES = 0.5) conditions. We concluded that the use of social networks on smartphones and/or playing video games right before official soccer matches might impair the passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes.     

汪曾祺散文的“自然之趣”

描写自然山水和花鸟虫鱼的散文是汪曾祺散文的重要组成部分,他善于发掘自然山川与自己精神气质相契合的地方,在花鸟虫鱼中寄托自己的童心童趣,彰显对生命本身的热爱,雅致有趣,滋润人心.     

Public understanding of science as a separate subject in secondary schools in The Netherlands

This paper describes and analyses an attempt to introduce the public understanding of science as a subject in its own right to be taught to all students in upper secondary education in The Netherlands. The aim of this paper is to make some of the experiences gained in this attempt, especially those related to the development of curriculum content, available to others. As the large-scale implementation of the new subject is still in progress, we focus on the initial stages of the introduction, covering the period 1994-1998. This period includes: (i) the launching of the initiative by a departmental advisory committee; (ii) the subsequent formulation of attainment targets; (iii) a curriculum development project that produced four teaching units tested in classroom experiments and meant as specimens to guide and inspire the authors of schoolbooks; and (iv) the publication of the first schoolbooks on the new subject. We conclude that in spite of its status as a separate subject, the current version of the course does not yet have a clear identity that distinguishes it, in the eyes of students as well as teachers, unmistakably from the traditional science subjects in the school.     

提出研究假设的作用

研究假设是研究课题确定后依据一定的知识、事实和资料,对所研究问题的规律或原因做出的推测性论断和假定性说明,是研究之前预先设想的、暂时的理论,是对研究课题设想出的一种或几种可能的结论或答案。假设一般包括两个事件或概念之间的关系,用“如果……那么……”的句子来陈述。例如:如果教师对一名学生的评价越来越差,那么该生的自我评价也会变得越来越差。研究假设是我们在实施课题研究设计之前,必须明确的问题。在教育科学研究中,提出具体的研究假设具有非常重要的作用。一、为课题研究指明方向研究假设使研究目的更明确,研究范围更确…     

浅析青少年生理发育特点与体育教学卫生

合理的运动可以起到增强心脏功能，改善呼吸系统功能，提高消化系统功能。不合理的运动将会与之背道而驰。针对青少年身体各器官的生理发育特点，通过对运动系统、心血管系统和呼吸系统、神经系统的生理发育特点以及体育教学卫生等方面的分析研究，认为：在体育教学中，应根据青少年运动系统的卫生，注意青少年心血管系统和呼吸系统的卫生，还应把握青少年神经系统的发育特点，促进大脑皮层兴奋与抑制，均衡发展卫生。     

具有特殊形貌的氧化锌纳米结构材料

ZnO作为一种重要的半导体和压电材料，具有异常丰富的形貌。本文主要对具有特殊形貌的氧化锌结构材料的研究进展进行评述。     

胡塞尔生活世界理论对学生观的启示

胡塞尔生活世界理论的奠基性、非客观化、主体间性等特征启示教育应转变传统的学生观念，生活世界观下学生既是教育的对象也是教育的目的，学生是处于不断生成中的人，学生是教育生活的主体，师生关系中学生与教师互为主体。     

试论假日旅游经济及其健康发展

假日旅游经济是我国旅游经济发展中的一个新的增长点。本文对假日旅游经济的涵义、基本特征及产生的背景进行了论述,并提出了科学调控假日旅游经济的若干对策措施,以期有益于促使我国假日旅游经济持续、健康发展。     

利用GoWeb、PubMed及ISIS系统评价医学期刊对研究热点的把握度

以哮喘机制研究为例,使用GoWeb生物医学专业搜索引擎搜索学科领域研究热点,以PubMed文献检索服务系统来源的国外权威期刊和ISIS系统检索获得的国家自然科学基金项目为评价标准,比较国内权威医学期刊对学科领域研究热点及其发展趋势的把握度.结果发现,免疫学、气道重塑、表观遗传学为哮喘机制研究3大热点,三者发文量或项目数占比之和由高到低排列分别为《中华医学杂志》(96.0％)、国家自然科学基金项目(89.5％)、国外权威期刊(87.0％)、《中华结核与呼吸杂志》(75.7％).与国外权威期刊及国家自然科学基金项目相比较,国内权威期刊中免疫学机制比例较高,而气道重建比例较低,表观遗传学研究见于国外权威期刊、国家自然科学基金项目及《中华医学杂志》中,发文量或项目数占比基本相当;在国内期刊中,《中华医学杂志》对哮喘机制研究热点的把握度较好.基于GoWeb对科技期刊研究领域进行对比分析有利于医学期刊及其编辑把握有关领域的研究热点及其发展趋势,组织发表紧跟国际研究热点的高水平的医学科研论文.