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71.
L. Caitlin Elmore Anthony A. Wright Jacquelyne J. Rivera Jeffrey S. Katz 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(2):204-213
Three pigeons were trained in a three-item simultaneous same/different task. Three of six stimulus combinations were not trained (untrained set) and were tested later. Following acquisition, the
subjects were tested with novel stimuli, the untrained set, training-stimulus inversions, and object shape and color manipulations.
There was no novel-stimulus transfer—that is, no abstract-concept learning. Two pigeons showed partial transfer to untrained
pairs and good transfer to stimulus inversions, suggesting that they had learned the relationship between the stimuli. Lack
of transfer by the third pigeon suggests item-specific learning. The somewhat surprising finding of relational learning by
2 pigeons with only six training pairs suggests restricted-domain relational learning that was controlled more by color than
by shape features. Individual differences of item-specific learning by 1 pigeon and relational learning by 2 others demonstrate
that this task can be learned in different ways and that relational learning can occur in the absence of novel-stimulus transfer. 相似文献
72.
Scott Parrott David L. Albright Hailey Grace Steele Caitlin Dyche 《Visual Communication Quarterly》2019,26(2):79-90
Commenters have expressed concern over media content related to military veterans, saying journalists fail to provide the public with an accurate understanding of what it means to be a veteran. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the representation of veterans in news media content. The present study analyzed 740 photographs shared by regional news outlets on the popular social media platform Twitter. Coders documented the representation of veteran groups (gender, race, and service period) and stereotypes concerning veterans (homelessness, charity, and trauma) in the images. Results showed that the photographs rarely communicated stereotypes about veterans. Photographs overrepresented female veterans, although male veterans remained the significant majority. Minority veterans were underrepresented. Photographs most often contained images associated with World War II. 相似文献
73.
74.
Lawrence A. Pfaff Karyn J. Boatwright Andrea L. Potthoff Caitlin Finan Leigh Ann Ulrey Daniel M. Huber 《Performance Improvement Quarterly》2013,26(1):35-56
In this study, researchers used a customized 360‐degree method to examine the frequency with which 1,546 men and 721 women leaders perceived themselves and were perceived by colleagues as using 10 relational and 10 task‐oriented leadership behaviors, as addressed in the Management‐Leadership Practices Inventory (MLPI). As hypothesized, men and women leaders, as well as their supervisors, employees, and peers, perceived women leaders to employ nine of the 10 relational leadership behaviors significantly more frequently than men leaders. Additionally, the employees' perceptions of their women leaders' use of task‐oriented behaviors were significantly higher when compared to similar assessments from the employees of men leaders. However, the leaders as well as their supervisors and peers perceived men and women leaders' use of task‐oriented behaviors as approximately equal. Broader implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
75.
Janet U. Schneiderman Caitlin Smith Janet S. Arnold-Clark Jorge Fuentes Lei Duan 《Child abuse & neglect》2013
Objective
The aims of this study of predominately racial/ethnic minority children in foster care (N = 360, birth to 19 years old) in Los Angeles, CA were to examine the (1) prevalence of obesity (≥95 percentile) and overweight/obese (≥85 percentile) upon entrance to foster care (T1) and after 1 year in foster care (T2); (2) comparison of high weight categories to national statistics; (3) relationship of changes in weight status to age, reason for entry into foster care, and placement.Methods
Chi-square test and McNemar test comparing paired proportions were used to determine whether there were significant changes in the proportion of high weight categories between T1 and T2. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used to evaluate the association between age, placement, and reason for foster care with the change in weight category. Changes in weight were categorized as (1) decreased in weight, (2) remained at overweight or obese, (3) increased in weight, or (4) remained normal.Results
The proportion of obese and obese/overweight children between ages 2 and 5 were significantly lower at T2 than T1. There were no significant changes in the prevalence of obesity for the total population at T2. Children age 6 or older had a higher prevalence of obesity and overweight/obesity compared to national statistics. Of children at all ages, 64.7% of children of all ages entered foster care with a normal weight and stayed in the normal range during their first year in foster care, 12.2% decreased their weight, 15.4% remained overweight or obese, and 7.7% increased their weight. Age and parental substance use was related to change in weight category from T1 to T2.Conclusion
Children did not become more overweight or obese in foster care; however 28% of the children were obese or overweight upon entry into foster care. Children who are 6 years or older and obese upon entering foster care should be targeted for weight reduction. The pediatric community and child welfare system need to work together by including weight percentiles in the foster care file and training/monitoring child welfare caregivers in weight reduction interventions. 相似文献76.
Patricia A. Donahue 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1989,12(4):323-332
Summary Adolescence, being a period of rapid change and development, is often associated with experiences of turmoil and anxiety. Shyness is common as the adolescent attempts to explore boundaries, gain self-knowledge, and form an identity. An approach successful in treating this type of nervous pre-occupation is Morita therapy. This article describes how Morita therapy, in the form of Morita counselling, was applied in treating 12 shy adolescents seen in 3 groups. Four brief counselling sessions were conducted. The aim of treatment was not to rid the adolescent of shyness but to have them experience accomplishment and be productive despite anxiety symptoms. The main concepts presented were: action can be taken despite experiencing anxiety, emotions cannot willfully be controlled but behaviour can be chosen, and shyness is a reflection of greater sensitivity to life and can serve in a positive way. Positive treatment effects were observed on reported cognitive and behavioural measures and verified by behavioural counts documented. In conclusion, the adolescents appeared to have gained a more positive outlook on their shyness and an awareness of personal control through choice of action. By providing a concrete mechanism for approaching the shyness difficulty, Morita counselling, even in a brief number of sessions, has the potential for making an impact on this age group helping to spare them the anguish of social withdrawal and isolation. 相似文献
77.
Peter C. Holland Judith S. A. Asem Connor P. Galvin Caitlin Hepps Keeney Melanie Hsu Alexandra Miller Vivian Zhou 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(1):1-21
Rats will approach and contact a lever whose insertion into the chamber signals response-independent food delivery. This “autoshaping” or “sign-tracking” phenomenon has recently attracted considerable attention as a platform for studying individual differences in impulsivity, drug sensitization, and other traits associated with vulnerability to drug addiction. Here, we examined two basic stimulus selection phenomena—blocking and overshadowing—in the autoshaped lever pressing of rats. Blocking and overshadowing were decidedly asymmetrical. Previously reinforced lever-extension conditioned stimuli (CSs) completely blocked conditioning to auditory cues (Exps. 1 and 2), and previously nonreinforced lever-extension CSs overshadowed conditioning to auditory cues. By contrast, conditioning to lever-extension CSs was not blocked by either auditory (Exp. 3) or lever-insertion (Exp. 4) cues, and was not overshadowed by auditory cues. Conditioning to a lever-insertion cue was somewhat overshadowed by the presence of another lever, especially in terms of food cup behavior displayed after lever withdrawal. We discuss several frameworks in which the apparent immunity of autoshaped lever pressing to blocking might be understood. Given evidence that different brain systems are engaged when different kinds of cues are paired with food delivery, it is worth considering the possibility that interactions among them in learning and performance may follow different rules. In particular, it is intriguing to speculate that the roles of simple cue–reinforcer contiguity, as well as of individual and aggregate reinforcer prediction errors, may differ across stimulus classes. 相似文献
78.
Jordan Wrigley Caitlin Kennedy Mary Grace Flaherty Madison Ponder Meg Foster Jesse Akman 《Public Library Quarterly》2020,39(5):421-433
ABSTRACT This study sought to investigate the opioid epidemic impact on North Carolina public libraries. Libraries in half of all 100 counties were chosen through a random, geographically systematic process, and structured interviews were completed with library directors. Twenty directors were interviewed, representing 28 counties. All reported their communities were affected; nine reported direct impacts on library function. Fifteen directors felt libraries should be involved in response; some felt Narcan administration was beyond library purview. Two libraries reported having Narcan available; five reported providing staff training. Given librarians’ willingness to respond, it is time to provide necessary support for those efforts. 相似文献
79.
The present review describes the development and use of sexually explicit material in sex education within UK psychosexual therapy clinics, medical schools and also in state‐maintained secondary schools with reference to interests that have shaped the provision of sex education since the early twentieth century. A short summary of published books on sex education and sexually explicit publications is included. Practical guidelines for the ethical use of sexually explicit material in sex education in medical, clinical and secondary school settings are also outlined. 相似文献
80.
Jana A. Hovland Virginia G. Carraway‐Stage Artenida Cela Caitlin Collins Sebastián R. Díaz Angelo Collins Melani W. Duffrin 《Journal of Food Science Education》2013,12(4):81-86
Health professionals and policymakers are asking educators to place more emphasis on food and nutrition education. Integrating these topics into science curricula using hand‐on, food‐based activities may strengthen students’ understanding of science concepts. The Food, Math, and Science Teaching Enhancement Resource (FoodMASTER) Initiative is a compilation of programs aimed at using food as a tool to teach mathematics and science. Previous studies have shown that students experiencing the FoodMASTER curriculum were very excited about the activities, became increasingly interested in the subject matter of food, and were able to conduct scientific observations. The purpose of this study was to: (1) assess 4th graders food‐related multidisciplinary science knowledge, and (2) compare gains in food‐related science knowledge after implementation of an integrated, food‐based curriculum. During the 2009–2010 school year, FoodMASTER researchers implemented a hands‐on, food‐based intermediate curriculum in eighteen 4th grade classrooms in Ohio (n = 9) and North Carolina (n = 9). Sixteen classrooms in Ohio (n = 8) and North Carolina (n = 8), following their standard science curricula, served as comparison classrooms. Students completed a researcher‐developed science knowledge exam, consisting of 13 multiple‐choice questions administered pre‐ and post‐test. Only subjects with pre‐ and post‐test scores were entered into the sample (Intervention n = 343; Control n = 237). No significant differences were observed between groups at pre‐test. At post‐test, the intervention group scored (9.95 ± 2.00) significantly higher (p = 0.000) than the control group (8.84 ± 2.37) on a 13‐point scale. These findings suggest the FoodMASTER intermediate curriculum is more effective than a standard science curriculum in increasing students’ multidisciplinary science knowledge related to food. 相似文献