Meta-analysis: a tool for medical and scientific discoveries.

Medicine has made increasing use of meta-analysis, largely as a quantitative procedure for combining results of clinical trials. Meta-analysis begins with a comprehensive review of the literature. The next step is a systematic analysis of the quality and content of each study. Finally, results are combined statistically and conclusions are drawn from this new overview of the data. This paper presents a brief historical perspective on the use of meta-analysis in medicine with emphasis on the medical library. The authors conclude that in the future, medical librarians will play a significant role in the application of this useful technique.     

Chaos theory, informational needs, and natural disasters

This study applies chaos theory to a system-wide analysis of crisis communication in a natural disaster. Specifically, we analyze crisis communication during the 1997 Red River Valley flood in Minnesota and North Dakota. This flood, among the worst in modern American history, consumed entire metropolitan areas, displacing thousands of people. The conditions and decisions leading to the disaster, and the subsequent reactions are retraced. Communication related to river crest predictions (fractals), the shock at the magnitude of the crisis (cosmology episode), novel forms of reorganizing (self-organization), and agencies that aided in establishing a renewed order (strange attractors) are evaluated. Ultimately, we argue that preexisting sensemaking structures favoring rationalized, traditional views of a complex system led officials to make inappropriately unequivocal predictions and ultimately diminished the effectiveness of the region's crisis communication and planning.     

邓小平理论开辟了21世纪马克思主义发展的道路

马克思主义在150多年发展过程中,经历了马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论几个发展阶段。邓小平理论是马克思主义发展的新阶段,新就新在它的研究重点和理论内容重心,由暴力革命理论向经济建设理论转移。21世纪马克思主义的发展,必须沿着邓小理论开辟的道路继续前进,进一步完善社会主义经济建设理论。     

The reliability of distance run tests for children in grades K-4.

The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/alk tests for children in Grades K-4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) completed the test-retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 less than R less than .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 less than R less than .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 less than R less than .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 less than R less than .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 less than P less than .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.     

《中国古典文学史料学》评介

<正> 徐有富主编、程千帆校勘的《中国古典文学史料学》一书,已由南京大学出版社出版。该书拓展了史料学新的研究领域。这不仅是由于该书作为国家社会科学基金研究课题,填补了文学史料学研究的空白;而且在于该书除了象通常的史料学著作那样详尽介绍重要史料外,还把史料学研究拓展到了史料搜集、鉴别、整理和检索利用的新领域。史料学著作需要评判史料价值,展示史料原委,讲述史料工作方法,更要以详实的史料来说明问题。书中对每一类古典文学史料从起源、种类、体例到史料价值,详加论列,对重要史料和检索、参考工具详注版本,对鉴别史料、整理和利用史料的规律和方法详举实例来说明。全书正文有615条脚注以及书后所列94条“参考书目”,足见其翔实。     

自由式滑雪空中技巧项目专项训练设施的探讨研究

通过对自由式滑雪空中技巧训练设施的探讨,认为训练理念要有所创新,训练设施必须要有所改进,黑龙江省在此项目上应有所突破,必须建造符合自由式滑雪空中技巧技术特点的训练设施.     

关于高等教育质量的几点思考

本文提出了高等教育的快速发展必然使教育质量问题更为突出的观点 ,并对此进行了论证。本文认为 ,要建立 2 1世纪的教育质量观 ,并对实行学分制与教育质量的关系进行了分析