Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the golf swing using instantaneous screw axis theory,part 1: methodology and verification

A number of recent studies have measured the extent and timing of segment rotation during the golf swing. A promising technique, instantaneous screw axis (ISA) theory, could provide a better expression of segment rotation. In Part 1 of this two-part study, the objectives are to identify the ISA of the pelvis, shoulders and left arm during the downswing, compute segment angular velocity relative to that segment’s ISA and verify that ISA theory is a valid tool to analyse segment rotation during the golf swing. Results indicate that for all subjects, at least 71% of marker velocity is a result of rotation about their respective ISA, when averaging results over the duration of the downswing, confirming that motion is primarily rotational. Furthermore, ISA position and orientation of each segment approaches, on average, the expected gross axis of rotation, confirming that motion about the ISA is representative of joint motion.     

Quadriceps effort during squat exercise depends on hip extensor muscle strategy

Hip extensor strategy, specifically relative contribution of gluteus maximus versus hamstrings, will influence quadriceps effort required during squat exercise, as hamstrings and quadriceps co-contract at the knee. This research examined the effects of hip extensor strategy on quadriceps relative muscular effort (RME) during barbell squat. Inverse dynamics-based torque-driven musculoskeletal models were developed to account for hamstrings co-contraction. Net joint moments were calculated using 3D motion analysis and force platform data. Hamstrings co-contraction was modelled under two assumptions: (1) equivalent gluteus maximus and hamstrings activation (Model 1) and (2) preferential gluteus maximus activation (Model 2). Quadriceps RME, the ratio of quadriceps moment to maximum knee extensor strength, was determined using inverse dynamics only, Model 1 and Model 2. Quadriceps RME was greater in both Models 1 and 2 than inverse dynamics only at barbell loads of 50–90% one repetition maximum. The highest quadriceps RMEs were 120 ± 36% and 87 ± 28% in Models 1 and 2, respectively, which suggests that barbell squats are only feasible using the Model 2 strategy prioritising gluteus maximus versus hamstrings activation. These results indicate that developing strength in both gluteus maximus and quadriceps is essential for lifting heavy loads in squat exercise.     

Exploring variation in nurse educators’ perceptions of the inclusive curriculum

This paper reports findings from a study into how nurse educators view the notion of an inclusive curriculum within their discipline. UK nurse education is professionally accredited, with substantial levels of work-based learning. Therefore, this analysis should be useful to practitioners on other professional courses. The study was based on a phenomenographic analysis of data collected from interviews with 15 nurse educators in one university. Analysis exposed wide variation in respondents’ perceptions and experiences of developing and delivering an inclusive curriculum. Much discussion focused on teaching students with disabilities and tutors expressed concern over implications regarding fitness for practice and public safety. However, there was recognition that diversity was a feature of the contemporary educational environment and that nursing courses had much to gain from inclusive practices. Key differences identified related to the extent to which change was required to current processes and practices. The findings indicated a concern over support for educators to manage these issues and suggested that in the absence of more robust direction, the student experience is shaped by the attitudes of individual tutors. In light of this, the author suggests that a coordinated and consistent response from the higher education establishment, professional bodies, practitioners and policy-makers is necessary to fully establish the notion of inclusive curricula in any professionally accredited course.     

Broadcasting

CHANNELS OF POWER: THE IMPACT OF TELEVISION ON AMERICAN POLITICS by Austin Ranney (New York: Basic Books, 1983---$14.95)

TURNED-ON TV/TURNED-OFF VOTERS: POLICY OPTIONS FOR ELECTION PROJECTIONS by Percy Tannenbaum and Leslie Kostrich (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Books, 1983---$25.00)

NEWSWATCH: HOW TV DECIDES THE NEWS by Av Westin (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982---$6.95, hardcover also available)

BROADCAST REGULATION: SELECTED CASES AND DECISIONS by Marvin R. Bensman (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1983---$19.50/8.75)

MODULARIZATION AND PACKAGING OF PUBLIC TELEVISION PROGRAMS by John Carey et al. (Washington, D.C.: Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Office of Policy Development and Planning, 1983---price not given, paper)

PRIME-TIME TELEVISION: A PICTORIAL HISTORY FROM MILTON BERLE TO “FALCON CREST” by Fred Goldstein and Stan Goldstein (New York: Crown 1983---$25.00)     

Dealing with Pupils' Life Crises: A Model for Action

In this paper the writer argues that there is a need for greater attention to the personal side of education, so that young people can develop a greater understanding of themselves. It is suggested that the main approaches to PSHE are currently not systematic or inclusive enough and that a comprehensive and systematic approach is necessary. Current National Curriculum provision is seen as short term and unlikely to appeal to young people. An alternative model is presented which aims not to solve potential or existing problems for students, but to empower them to deal with the challenges of life on their own. Popovic argues for a focus on self–control and self–power. This model is complex and it offers significant ideas in relation to the creation of effective PSHE, in particular the suggestion of a set of fundamental principles which should provide a framework for its development.