美国图书馆的今天:实践、趋势与挑战

目前,美国的图书馆一般都订有策略性规划,有自己的人事分类体系,建立了内部切磋交流机制和组织机构,十分重视用户工作。其发展呈现如下一些趋势:越来越多地使用电子服务方式;注重书目的双重作用;大力开展远程教育和原文传递服务;推行馆舍联合使用和采编外包及联合购买,等等。不断变化的形势,也给美国的图书馆提出了新的挑战,如如何处理科技消费问题、经费预算不稳和馆员短缺问题、资源价格高居不下和网上色情问题,等等。     

如何利用微机作国际联机检索

<正> 近些年来,国內许多图书情报部门相继建立起自己的国际联机文献检索终端系统。其中绝大多数均采用电传机作为联机哑终端。由于过低的传输波特率,使得联机的时间无味地拖长。显然这对检索结果毫无益处,却给用戶增加了很高的检索费用。加之检索人员业务水平的限制,宣传不力等等原因,使得大批用戶根本不敢问津,许多单位不惜外汇重金投资,但使用效益却非常低。目前,国外绝大多数的联机哑终端已为微机所作的智能终端取代。本文就如何使用微型计算机进行联机检索作一较为详细的叙述,旨在为那些准备或正在进行向微机转化的同行们提供一些帮助。     

\"This won't take long…\": Interviewing,ethics and diversity

In this paper, the focus is on one particular research project, conducted in the UK, which studied the role of parent groups and organizations in relation to the mainstream education system. The authors seek to analyze and evaluate access to the different \"structures of feeling\" inhabited by the various respondents involved in the project. Using the project as a lens, a critical case, the relationships between respondents and researchers are problematized, highlighting a number of issues with broad applicability. These include negotiating access, securing informed consent, the debates around symmetry and asymmetry between researcher and respondent, the processes of interviewing, data analysis and dissemination. The authors also comment on the formation and development of relationships with respondents, trying to tease out the differences and similarities of age, race, social class, language, and gender, and to suggest how these disjunctions and connections affected the process of datacollection and analysis. Finally, the article concludes with a brief consideration of the implications for future research design and conduct of the arguments put forward.     

Blood Pressure,Fitness, and Lipid Profiles of Rural Women in the Wellness for Women Project

Purpose: This study examined whether rural women, who had a high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension upon enrollment in a wellness program, would also have a high prevalence of other cardiovascular disease risk factors such as low fitness and/or dyslipidemia. Methods: Data were analyzed from 225 rural women, ages 50-69, enrolled in a healthy eating and activity clinical trial. Cardiovascular health histories, fitness measures, blood pressure, and fasting blood serum samples were collected following standardized protocols at rural research offices. Chi-square and MANOVA were performed to examine differences in health characteristics, lipids, and fitness across blood pressure categories. Results: Fitness indicators of estimated VO_2max, 1-mile walk time, and resting heart rate differed between the blood pressure groups, with those in the prehypertensive and hypertensive groups having less desirable profiles than those in the normotensive group. Triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL or greater, were observed in 36%, 32%, and 16.7% of women who had hypertensive, prehypertensive, and normal blood pressures, respectively. Conclusions: The need for routine blood pressure screenings by practitioners is reinforced by finding that rural women screened via PAR-Q and/or physician clearance had a high prevalence of prehypertensive and hypertensive blood pressures, in addition to low fitness and nonoptimal triglycerides. Practitioners need to provide counselling based on results and refer to other providers as appropriate.Key Words: blood pressure, lipids, fitness, rural women