如何利用微机作国际联机检索

<正> 近些年来,国內许多图书情报部门相继建立起自己的国际联机文献检索终端系统。其中绝大多数均采用电传机作为联机哑终端。由于过低的传输波特率,使得联机的时间无味地拖长。显然这对检索结果毫无益处,却给用戶增加了很高的检索费用。加之检索人员业务水平的限制,宣传不力等等原因,使得大批用戶根本不敢问津,许多单位不惜外汇重金投资,但使用效益却非常低。目前,国外绝大多数的联机哑终端已为微机所作的智能终端取代。本文就如何使用微型计算机进行联机检索作一较为详细的叙述,旨在为那些准备或正在进行向微机转化的同行们提供一些帮助。     

Associations between sexually experienced adolescents' sources of information about sex and sexual risk outcomes

The objective of this study was to describe prevalent informal sources of information about sex and examine associations between informal sources of information about sex and sexual risk outcomes among sexually experienced adolescents. Work involved the secondary analysis of data from the Minnesota Student Survey, a statewide survey to monitor priority risk and protective health behaviors. The study sample included 22,828 sexually experienced adolescents aged 13–20 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined associations between adolescents' informal sources of information about sex and three sexual risk outcomes. Peers and siblings were the most commonly reported source of information about sex. Ninth-graders who reported parents or parents plus peers/siblings as a source of information about sex had significantly lower odds of having multiple sex partners in the past year. Ninth-graders who reported any informal source of information about sex had significantly lower odds of unprotected intercourse at last sex. Ninth-graders and 12th-graders who reported any informal source of information about sex had significantly lower odds of lifetime pregnancy involvement. Findings suggest information about sex from people in adolescents' everyday lives has the potential to diminish the likelihood of involvement in sexual risk behaviors. To maximize effectiveness, formal sex education programs should engage informal sources of information about sex in adolescents' everyday lives.     

Hava N'Halela 1 : Tzipora Jochsberger and Her Vision for the Hebrew Arts School

Tzipora Jochsberger (1920–) educator, composer, and musicologist, dreamed of using the arts to introduce Jews to the richness of their heritage. The founder and director of the Hebrew Arts School in New York (1952–1986), Jochsberger's contributions deserve the attention of Jewish educators and artists who are looking to the arts to address the diverse needs of Jewish learners of all ages. A student of the Jewish Teachers’ Seminary in Wurzburg, Germany, Jochsberger was offered an opportunity that would not only save her life, but determine its direction as well. Using interviews, archival data, and Jochsberger's papers both published and unpublished, I have tried to examine her educational vision for the school she nurtured for more than thirty years, discovering in the process that the school was the product of a fortuitous shiddukh: the dream of a gifted Holocaust survivor and the idealism of American Hebraists, the ideologues of Ha'Noar Ha'lvri.     

Scientific Visuals,Language, and the Commercialization of a Scientific Idea: The Strange Case of the Prion

In the field that investigates infectious brain diseases such as mad cow disease, the verbal and visual packaging of scientific visuals associated with identifying the agent, prion, its processes, and structure served the community ritual of establishing belief in a highly unorthodox phenomenon. Visual promotion fed into cultural expectations of single agents and simple processes, even though the actual agency and disease process have proven highly complex and perhaps unknowable.     

“I'm not really that bad”: Alternative School Students,Stigma, and Identity Politics

Public schools in the United States are predicated upon some common, albeit contested, understanding of a “normal” child. Such an identity comes with corresponding rules of behavior. In this study, we use identity politics as the primary lens through which to interpret the experiences of students at an alternative middle and high school. Through ethnographic field observational data and student interviews over a four-month period, we examine student narratives to inform the theoretical framework of this research. We conclude that the alternative school in this case study is a stigmatized space for students with spoiled identities (Goffman, 1963 Goffman, E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.  [Google Scholar]). We offer implications for alternative schools in general and suggest that their design, by definition, can reinforce the stigmatized identity and its corresponding “deviant” behavior.     

Making Ends Meet: Bringing Bilingual Education and Mainstream Students Together in Preservice Teacher Education

In some institutions offering certification for bilingual education and ESL teachers, the corresponding mainstream programs do little to ready their students to work effectively with language minority children. Yet today's mainstream classrooms are linguistically and culturally diverse, and all teachers must appreciate the role of language and culture in teaching and learning. This study describes one effort to consciously combine preservice bilingual and mainstream education teachers in a bilingual education methods cohort. Students reported promising gains in cross-cultural understanding and in cross-program appreciation. Some losses took place as well, however, and further innovation and research are needed in order to ensure that such efforts to combine programs strengthen, but not weaken, each program.     

Steps to Opening Scientific Inquiry: Pre-Service Teachers’ Practicum Experiences with a New Support Framework

This qualitative multiple-comparative case study investigates (1) The reported experiences and impressions of four pre-service teachers (PTs) on practicum placement in four different classrooms (grades 1–9) where a new Steps to Inquiry (SI) framework was being utilized to support students conducting open inquiry; (2) The relative dispositions of the PTs toward conducting open inquiry, as indicated by their core conceptions regarding science, the purpose of education, effective teaching, and the capacity of students. Findings indicate that (1) although there were differences in the experiences of the four PTs, all four had an opportunity to observe and/or facilitate students conducting open inquiry with the SI framework, and after the practicum, all of them reported that they would like to include open inquiry in their own classrooms in the future; (2) one PT already possessed core conceptions indicative of a favorable disposition toward open inquiry before the placement; another altered her core conceptions substantially toward a favorable disposition during the placement; a third altered her conceptions regarding the capacity of students; and one PT maintained core conceptions indicative of a disposition that was not favorable to open inquiry despite the pronouncements that she would like to conduct open inquiry with students in their own future classroom. Possible reasons for the differences in the responses of the four pre-services teachers to the practicum placement are discussed.     

The Impact of More,Better, Faster,Cheaper: How the PCC Influenced Everything That Followed

Abstract

The beginnings and the early years of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) had a profound impact on the approach taken to cataloging in North America and around the world. The commitment to standards, cooperation, and expanded access also had an impact that went far beyond cataloging operations. One library dean traces the evolution of her vision and contemplates how the PCC’s principles have shaped her entire career and have affected the libraries in which she has worked.